营养盐与盐双重胁迫下水体中浮游细菌的响应

为阐释干旱地区内陆湖泊微生物群落对营养盐和盐双重胁迫的响应机制,针对干旱、半干旱地区许多湖泊水体受咸化与富营养化双重影响的特点,通过454高通量测序16S rRNA基因和多元统计分析,研究水体营养盐和盐的添加对细菌群落结构、多样性变化的影响. 结果表明,盐与营养盐的输入引起了水体中细菌群落组成和多样性的显著变化, 具体表现为:①随着盐度(以w计)的升高,α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)的相对丰度显著增加,从对照处理的16.0%±4.6%增至SO(贫营养-盐水)处理的39.8%±18.1%;但会受到水体营养水平的制约. ②富营养水平下,微咸条件(盐度为1.5‰)有利于细菌类群丰富度的增加,BE-30(微咸-富营养处理培养30 d样品)的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(4.62)显著高于FE-30(淡水-富营养处理培养30 d样品,2.08)和SE-30(高盐-富营养处理培养30 d样品,1.69);③高盐(盐度为3.0‰)条件下,随着水体中营养盐含量的增加,喜营养的嗜盐细菌类群大量繁殖(SE-30中无法分类的Comamonadaceae科的相对丰度达到69.3%),因而降低了水体中细菌群落的多样性. 研究显示,α-变形菌纲和无法分类的Comamonadaceae科对盐与营养盐的变化较为敏感,可作为干旱区湖泊咸化和富营养化过程的参考类群.      

农牧交错带典型区土壤氮磷空间分布特征及其影响因素

土壤氮磷在土壤物理、化学和生物过程中扮演着重要角色,明确土壤氮磷含量和空间分布对土壤资源管理和利用具有重要意义.利用经典统计学和地统计学方法对准格尔旗土壤全氮和全磷空间分布特征及影响因子进行研究.结果表明,研究区土壤肥力水平较低,0~100 cm深度土壤全氮和全磷含量加权平均值分别为0.29 g·kg^-1和0.26 g·kg^-1.土壤全氮和全磷的块金效应值分别集中在0.15~0.43和0.34~0.53之间,表明土壤全氮（0~10 cm和80~100 cm除外）和全磷呈中等空间依赖性,空间变异由结构性和随机性因子共同主导.土壤全氮和全磷空间分布特征与土层和元素有关,即使在同一深度,土壤氮磷的空间分布特征亦不相吻合.土壤全氮主要受有机碳的影响,而土壤全磷主要受纬度、海拔、土地利用类型和土壤质地的影响.     

Responses of decomposition rate and nutrient release of floating-leaved and submerged aquatic macrophytes to vertical locations in an urban lake (Nanhu Lake,China)

A leaf-bag field experiment was conducted to investigate the decomposition and release of nutrients from leaves of two aquatic macrophytes (floating-leaved Trapa bispinosa and submerged Vallisneria natans) deposited in the four vertical locations (i.e. air-water interface, AW; sediment-water interface, SW; buried at a depth of 10?cm, B10; buried at a depth of 20?cm, B20) of littoral zone in Nanhu Lake, China, for 60 days from July to August 2015. Leaf initial quality significantly influenced mass loss and nutrient release except TN (total nitrogen) remaining. Compared to V. natans, T. bispinosa leaves decomposed faster under the same treatments. The decomposition was greatly affected by both leaf chemical quality and the location of deposition. With the increasing depth of vertical locations, leaf biomass loss and nutrient release of both T. bispinosa and V. natans decreased. In addition, initial N:P ratio and cellulose were the major determinants for decomposition in AW and SW treatments while total phenol in B10 and B20. Our results suggest that the combined effect of leaf chemical quality and burial could mediate macrophyte mass loss and release of nutrients and carbon, which in turn can influence organic matter accumulation and nutrient cycling in shallow freshwater lakes.     

Urban Flora as a Component of the Urban Ecosystems in the Taiga Zone: An Example of Karelian Cities

Cities are areas of increased diversity of species in the taiga zone. The aboriginal fraction of Karelian flora is a stable natural system whose main characteristics are preserved in the urban flora. The adventive fraction, which is a dynamic component of the flora, has not been completely formed in the cities, as well as in eastern Fennoscandia as a whole. It has become substantially richer during the past 20–25 years. Cities of the taiga zone may serve as objects for monitoring the anthropogenic processes of flora transformation in the North.     

湖北贫困地区旅游开发优势及现实意义——以鄂西北地区为例

以鄂西北地区的襄樊市、十堰市和神农架林区为例,分析了该区的区位条件和社会、经济发展态势,旅游资源特征,旅游环境现状及其开发优势,阐述了贫困地区旅游开发规划对扶贫工作的促进作用和扶贫旅游的现实意义。本区的多数县市处于山地环境,地形崎岖,交通受到限制,经济发展相对滞后,扶盆任务依然艰巨,本区旅游资源丰富多彩,有些资源的品位也很高,可以总括为“531优势”。即人文旅游资源的五大文化特点-楚国发祥地（楚文化）,三国之源（三国文化）,流放文化,道教文化,郧阳猿人（古人类文化）,形成明显的锁定效应;自然旅游资源的三大品牌－纳入“世界自然保护区网”的神农架,在国内外有一定声誉的郧县恐龙蛋化石基地,正在规划的武当山国家级地质公园,一处国家级风景名胜区－自然与人文景观相得益彰的“隆中风景名胜区”,其资源环境优势在于,自然生态优美,环境污染轻,空气质量好,气候适宜,土特产品丰富,对这些旅游资源进行科学合理的开发利用,并按照“PPT”战略实施扶贫计划,将有力促进本地区经济发展。     

Chemical Composition of the Leaves of Plants with Different Ecological Strategies from the Boreal Zone

The content of main chemical components (total nitrogen and carbon, soluble and polymeric sugars, organic acids, and mineral substances) were studied in the leaves of 73 boreal plant species with different types of Grime–Ramenskii strategies. The type of ecological strategy was demonstrated to be related to the chemical composition of the leaf, with the substances studied falling into two groups. The concentrations of the substances belonging to the first group (nitrogen, organic acids, and mineral substances) were minimum in stress-tolerant and maximum in ruderal species. With respect to the type of strategy, these concentrations increased in the following series: S C R. Conversely, the concentrations of the substances of the second group (carbon and soluble sugars) decreased in this series. The nitrogen concentration and the carbon-to-nitrogen concentration ratio in leaves may be used for identifying the types of strategies.     

A Single-Use Site Selection Technique, Using GIS, for Aquaculture Planning: Choosing Locations for Mangrove Oyster Raft Culture in Margarita Island, Venezuela

Oyster culture has a potential to generate income for coastal communities and to lessen pressure on natural overexploited populations. A project to transfer mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae raft culture technology to selected coastal communities in Margarita Island, Venezuela is being developed, and an optimum location selection technique was devised. To pick the variables or factors that determine site suitability, a bibliographic database was made, aspects of interest chosen, and the most comprehensive ones singled out, eliminating redundant ones. Twenty variables were grouped in criteria based on the way they influence the project. Variables were classified as intrinsic environmental, environmental extrinsic, logistic, and socioeconomic criteria. Thirty-five experts were asked to evaluate the factors and to score each according to their suitability weight. Logistic criterion received the highest values, followed by environmental extrinsic issues. A Geographic Information System using a base map compiled from 1:25,000 scale maps was developed. A thematic map for each factor was completed, dividing graphically the 3896-km² study area into polygons of equal weight for each factor. The Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) was used to combine the variables. Resultant vectors in thematic maps were added to obtain smaller polygons with the same value sum. Finally, MCE was used to generate a final output: the optimum sites for oyster aquaculture resulting from the added values of over 3000 polygons in the maps, for the 20 criteria. Higher scores were reached in 13 areas covering 4.1 km², those places having the optimum conditions for oyster raft aquaculture in the region. Additional locations meeting 75% to 70% of the demanded criteria for a final suitable selection cover 137 sites encompassing 37.5 km².     

水库消涨区土地资源的合理利用--以富水水库为例

分析了湖北省富水水库消涨区土地资源利用的现状和集约利用的难点.根据水土资源的时空分布特点和利用现状,将水库消涨区划分为常年利用带、短期利用带和汛期利用带,估算了各带的可利用面积,探讨了各带的主要利用方向,提出了水库消涨区土地合理利用的建议和发展两栖林业的新概念,并针对消涨区特点,阐述了集约利用和开发实践中应注意的几项原则.     

USE OF SOIL MOISTURE PROBES TO ESTIMATE GROUND WATER RECHARGE AT AN OIL SPILL SITE1

Soil moisture data collected using an automated data logging system were used to estimate ground water recharge at a crude oil spill research site near Bemidji, Minnesota. Three different soil moisture probes were tested in the laboratory as well as the field conditions of limited power supply and extreme weather typical of northern Minnesota: a self‐contained reflectometer probe, and two time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes, 30 and 50 cm long. Recharge was estimated using an unsaturated zone water balance method. Recharge estimates for 1999 using the laboratory calibrations were 13 to 30 percent greater than estimates based on the factory calibrations. Recharge indicated by the self‐contained probes was 170 percent to 210 percent greater than the estimates for the TDR probes regardless of calibration method. Results indicate that the anomalously large recharge estimates for the self‐contained probes are not the result of inaccurate measurements of volumetric moisture content, but result from the presence of crude oil, or borehole leakage. Of the probes tested, the 50 cm long TDR probe yielded recharge estimates that compared most favorably to estimates based on a method utilizing water table fluctuations. Recharge rates for this probe represented 24 to 27 percent of 1999 precipitation. Recharge based on the 30 cm long horizontal TDR probes was 29 to 37 percent of 1999 precipitation. By comparison, recharge based on the water table fluctuation method represented about 29 percent of precipitation.     

STREAMFLOW MEASUREMENT USING SALT DILUTION IN TUNDRA STREAMS,NORTHWEST TERRITORIES,CANADA1

ABSTRACT: With the recent increased exploration and mining activity in the Northwest Territories, there has been growing interest in streamflows. However, streamflow monitoring in Canada's north is limited, especially in the central Northwest Territories where the exploration activity is concentrated. To complicate matters, the standard approach of measuring discharge with current meters or weirs is often inadequate or prohibitively expensive, as many streams in the region are shallow, braided and rocky. In response, alternative techniques such as salt dilution can be used. A salt tracer's competence in turbulent and rocky channels makes it ideal for discharge measurements in these situations. This paper summarizes the work performed by Indian and Northern Affairs Canada and Canamera Geological Ltd. staff in determining the stream discharge of a lake outlet using a potassium chloride (KC1) tracer. A variety of streamflow measurement methods were performed and compared to determine the viability and rigor of the dilution method. Results suggest the dilution method compares favorably to other measurement techniques both in accuracy and operational ease.