城市环境总体规划中的布局问题研究——以北京市丰台区为例

城市环境总体规划是对城市中长期环境管理的综合安排,是环境保护基础性的规划,其核心问题在于规模、结构和布局,即从城市环境、资源与生态约束角度为社会经济发展规划、城市总体规划与土地利用规划提出限制(环境、资源与生态红线),从环境承载力与发展生态适宜性分区角度为城市发展规划提出发展适度规模、结构与布局。在城市"多规融合"的实践过程中,城市环境总体规划,作为政府综合决策的重要支撑之一,可以为其他的规划编制提供约束条件以及土地供给能力测算值,使得各规划间能够相互支撑、相互融合,因此有必要先行。本文以北京市丰台区环境总体规划为例,从布局角度出发,基于区域土地资源供给能力对丰台区进行土地生态适宜性评价,并得到土地生态适宜性区划图,从而提出丰台区城市总体规划与土地利用规划的限制条件,为城市环境总体规划先行提供科学依据。     

利州区农产品基地土壤重金属污染评价

运用指数法对利州区农产品基地土壤重金属污染进行分析评价,并尝试运用聚类法对重金属进行了聚类分析和污染源推测。从单项污染指数来看,利州区农产品基地8个采样点中所有点元素均不超标。土壤中重金属元素平均单项污染指数由高到低依次为:AsHgCdCuCrPb,其中最高值为As,其值为0.42,可知农产品基地土壤中重金属平均单项污染指数均小于1。从上可以说明该基地的重金属含量受人为影响已在土壤中有所积累,但是总体状况良好。从综合污染指数来看,土壤中重金属平均内梅罗综合污染指数为0.31,其值小于1,属于清洁水平,适合发展有机食品和发展无公害食品生产。聚类分析法得出Pb和Hg的相关系数最大,其值为0.72。说明两者之间具有强正相关性,它们的含量会同时出现增减变化,而Cd和Cu的相关系数为-0.705,说明两者之间是有此消彼长相互抑制的关系。     

十一五省际节能绩效及绿色距离变化

从十一五节能目标出发,利用2006~2010年全国30个省区的统计数据,分析了各省区节能效率及绿色距离的变化。结论如下：（1）依据各省区单位GDP能耗、单位IAV能耗和单位GDP电耗数据计算它们的节能量与节能效率,结果发现各省区节能量与节能效率差异较大;（2）利用单位GDP能耗与单位IAV能耗、单位GDP电耗的面板数据,确定了生态省建设的单位IAV能耗、单位GDP电耗标准分别为1.513 7tce和95547度;（3）依据能耗绿色距离和生态化实现度公式,分析了各省区能耗绿色距离和生态化实现度的变化。既是对过去5 a各省区节能效率的回顾性评价,同时也为未来5 a各省区节能降耗提供了参考依据     

城市化与生态环境之关联耦合性分析——以上海市青浦区为例

本文以快速城市化的上海市青浦区为对象.应用城市化与生态环境关联耦合模型,遴选出作用于生态环境的18项城市化指标和制约城市化的12项生态环境指标,计算关联度和耦台度及进行它们的时序规律分析,阐明城市化进程中的生态环境变化规律.城市化与生态环境的关联度和耦合度在1997-2006年间的时序上均呈现两个阶段,第一阶段是城市化与生态环境关联度的低位时期,第二阶段是关联走向紧密时期,表明了城市化与生态环境进入并行发展的轨道.     

Land-Use Planning in the Chaco Plain (Burruyacú, Argentina). Part 1: Evaluating Land-Use Options to Support Crop Diversification in an Agricultural Frontier Area Using Physical Land Evaluation

The Burruyacú district (Tucumán province, Argentina) is a farming frontier in the western Chaco plain, at the foothills of the sub-Andean mountain ranges, where agricultural land-uses are in conflict with the conservation and management of the Chaco forest. Over the last decades, large-scale farming rapidly expanded due to population pressure, attractive market prices, easy accessibility, favourable annual rainfall, fertile soils, and flexible land tenure. Cropland extension, mainly for heavily mechanized soybean production, has resulted in important reduction of the Chaco forest and also caused physical soil degradation, especially soil compaction, and soil erosion. Land suitability was assessed using the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) framework for a set of crops ecologically adapted to the area, including soybean, maize, wheat, sugarcane, citrus, and safflower. Only 16% of the study area has high suitability for most of the selected crops. Major limitations for cropping are low annual rainfall and flooding in the east of the study area, and topography (slope) and flooding in the west. As climate varies over relatively short periods of time, with recurrent cycles of dry and rainy years, land suitability for the selected crops was also assessed under extreme but realistic climatic conditions. Under rainy-year conditions, almost all the study area is unsuitable or marginally suitable for most of the crops. Under dry-year conditions, the study area is unsuitable for all crops, except safflower, which is more drought-resistant. This article proposes alternatives to the mono-cropping of soybean with the aim to help farmers make adequate decisions on land-use and management under deteriorating environmental conditions and for addressing the issue of competitive land uses in the context of land-use planning.     

新疆天山天池风景名胜区天池景区景观相融性评价

新疆天山天池风景名胜区是国家重点风景名胜区之一,天池景区是天山天地风景名胜区的精华景区和主要游览区。本文运用“山岳风景资源开发环境影响评价指标体系”,对景区内现有建筑和详细规划的拟建项目的景观相融性进行了评价,结果表明：天池景区现有景观的景观相融性普遍较低,规划中拟建景观的景观相融性仍不够高。要保护天地景区的峻峭山体、秀丽湖水等自然景观,必须对已建或拟建项目做进一步规划调整,对不协调的项目应予以整修或拆除。     

尿液、头发、指(趾)甲高铊汞砷是铊矿区污染标志

铊矿区村民尿液、头发和指（趾）甲中铊汞砷的含量高是矿区和村民受铊汞砷污染的标志,也是判别汞铊病的标志根据村民尿液中铊含量高低初步得出区别不同程度汞铊病患者的标准TL＞1000×10^-9、100×10^-9－1000×10^-9和＜100×10^-9分别为重汞铊病患者、轻汞铊病患者和非汞铊病者。人体和生物体中TL、Hg、As含量高低与矿区岩矿石、土壤和水体中TI、Hg、As的背景含量密切相关     

新疆和田地区城市化与土地利用变化的定量分析

选取自然环境和人文环境比较典型的西部欠发达贫困地区-新疆和田地区作为研究区域,借助国内外城市化与土地利用变化关系方面的理论和研究成果,分析城市化进程中土地利用变化的特征;采用回归分析方法,研究城市化与土地利用变化的相关关系及城市化进程对土地利用变化的影响程度.分析结果显示,城市化与耕地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地和未利用地间有显著的相关性,表明城市化的快速发展是造成农业用地减少和建设用地增加的主要原因.同时,耕地与未利用地等两种土地类型和城市化间的负相关关系说明,两种地类的减少与城市化的快速发展有着密切的关系.这体现了和田地区城市建设和经济的快速增长是影晌生态环境等一系列有关可持续发展问题的重要原因.     

农业旱灾承灾体恢复力的影响因素——基于野外土地利用测量与入户调查

恢复力作为刻画人类自身响应和发挥主体能力、积极抵御和适应外界变化的指标,在灾害学领域的引入进一步丰富和明晰了灾害承灾体的性质,与脆弱性具有同等的重要性。但当前对灾害恢复力的研究不足,如何界定灾害恢复力的特征、诊断和定量评价恢复力尚存在较大的探讨空间。在湖南鼎城高排河流域野外土地利用现状测量与入户调查所得数据和气象数据的基础上,应用数学统计方法重点分析了土地利用、农户经济、文化素质状况等因素与农业旱灾承灾体恢复力的关系。结果表明,地貌类型与海拔高度从较大尺度上决定了农业旱灾承灾体恢复力的大小,水源地位置及其蓄水能力、水田与旱地的比例关系、劳动力文化水平、农户实际年收入和非农收入比例是影响农业旱灾承灾体恢复力的主要因素。     

Community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) in Xinhui, Guangdong Province, China

Using institutional appraisal focused groups (FG) and participatory appraisals with Dillman Total Design Method (TDM), this study examines community interaction with and utilization of wetland resources in Xinhui, Guangdong Province, China. Field results show high commercial activities and corresponding impacts on coastal environment. Other interacting factors identified include: legislation and ecosystem management, stakeholders’ participation, international guidelines criteria, and utilization of mangrove resources in the region. Sensitivity index and community-based natural resources management collaboration comparison percentile showed significant differences between cumulative distributions of respondents (D = 0.2568, P = 0.078). Likert statement of 11 sensitivity optional indexes in EMS of K–S test at 0.05 level of P = 0.078 also show significant differences in interaction between respondent groups and sensitivity factors. This indicates a dysfunction between regional environmental management systems and CBNRM in Xinhui coastal district. Considering the high tourism potential and economic quest of the region, there is the need for coordinated community enlightenment and further studies on the social, ecological and economic value of wetland resources. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.