覆盖条件下旱作春玉米农田土壤细菌群落结构分析

秸秆和地膜覆盖会改变农田土壤碳氮循环等理化条件,而覆盖对参与碳氮循环的土壤微生物的影响还鲜有报道。本研究通过高通量测序,分析了黄土高原旱作玉米农田无覆盖、秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖下土壤细菌群落组成,探讨了细菌介导的碳氮循环对覆盖的响应。结果表明秸秆覆盖增加了土壤细菌群落丰富度和多样性,且显著增加了分解纤维素的细菌(纤维弧菌属Cellvibrio)及介导固氮(根瘤菌属Rhizomicrobium、Chryseolinea)和硝化过程的细菌(亚硝化螺菌属Nitrosospira)丰度(p0.05);地膜覆盖增加了土壤细菌丰富度,但降低了细菌多样性,且显著增加了介导土壤硝化作用的硝化螺菌属Nitrospira的丰度(p0.05)。本结果为土壤中微生物介导的碳氮循环研究提供了理论依据。     

A model on the carbon cycling in Lake Taihu, China

A model of the carbon cycling in Lake Taihu was developed based on the previous developed model EcoTaihu Model, which couples the hydrology, the nutrient cycling and a number of biological processes. The carbon cycling model (abbreviated CCM) has in addition to the states variables of the EcoTaihu Model, the carbon in phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, macroplant, hydrogen carbonate carbon, carbonate carbon, dissolved carbon, abiotic organic carbon in water, organic carbon in sediment, soluble organic carbon in pore water, inorganic carbon in sediments, soluble inorganic carbon in pore water and pH. The calibration and validation of the CCM showed that the model results are in good accordance with the observations (from the period February17 to December. 5, 2003). It implies that the model can be used to assess the variation of the carbon dioxide flux at the water-air interface, and to find the pH value of the lake water as function of time. According to the model, the carbon dioxide flux at the water-air interface has clear, diurnal variations. Eutrophied water is a sink for the atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the phytosynthesis during the summer. Due to the terrestrial input of carbon to the lake, Lake Taihu is, however, a source of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The total annual flux is almost equal to the terrestrial input of carbon to the lake.     

松嫩平原玉米带土壤碳氮比的时空变异特征

土壤碳氮比(C/N)是土壤质量的敏感指标,是衡量土壤C、N营养平衡状况的指标,它的演变趋势对土壤碳、氮循环有重要影响.通过野外调查、采样和分析,运用地统计学方法和GIS技术,探讨1980～2005年松嫩平原玉米带土壤C/N的时空变化规律.结果表明,1980年和2005年土壤C/N的平均值分别为10.56和12.30.2...     

海河流域土壤中碳的分布特征

通过对海河流域土壤中碳及其形态含量的分析,研究了该区不同土壤类型的水平与垂直分布规律,普遍具有表层含量高于下层含量的垂直分布,盐化湖士>潮土>褐土含量的水平分耵特点;并探讨了影响其含量的地貌特征和施肥因素,具有西部丘陵地区含量分散,冲积淤积区元素富积,以及施用农家肥的蔬菜地含量增高的规律;并探讨了各形态间相互制约的相关牲;同时参照其它地区该元素含量,确立本区基本没受人为干扰的含量水平,在此基础上,作出该区土壤中总碳、无机碳、有机碳,有机质含量分布图。为研究本区碳的生物地球化学循环奠定基础。     

三峡库区消落带干湿交替表层沉积物磷分布特征

通过研究分析经历完整反季节干湿交替周期的三峡库区消落带沉积物中磷的赋存形态及含量变化,揭示了消落带沉积物磷的源/汇转化趋势。结果表明:三峡库区消落带本底土壤、覆水沉积物以及落干沉积物无机形态磷分布均呈现一致规律,即钙磷>闭蓄态磷>铝磷>铁磷>可交换态磷,反映出三峡库区短期反季节干湿交替对无机形态磷分布规律影响不大。消落带反季节干湿交替有利于表层沉积物中活性较高的有机磷、活性磷累积,有利于相对稳定的闭蓄态磷、钙磷释放。     

桉树人工林生态系统养分循环和平衡研究Ⅱ. 桉树人工林生态系统的养分循环

根据大量的观测分析资料,论述了刚果W5桉树人工林生态系统养分的地球化学循环和生物小循环。研究结果表明,每公顷每年通过地表径流和地下渗漏从生态系统输出的养分质量以K最多,达21.25 kg/(hm2a);其次为N,达17.21 kg/(hm2a)。桉树人工林生态系统养分流通质量的净变化值f(K)、f(Ca)为负值,f(N)、f(P)、f(Mg)为正值;桉树人工林生态系统养分的生物小循环研究表明,在一个轮伐期内,每公顷桉树吸收养分的质量,依次为Ca 429.03 kg/hm2,其次为N 277.01 kg/hm2和K 208.12 kg/hm2。而在一个轮伐期中归还的养分质量,Ca只有99.78 kg/hm2,K为113.04 kg/hm2。在养分循环率方面,与热带半落叶季雨林比较,桉树人工林生态系统的养分循环率要小得多,说明桉树人工林土壤养分趋向于减少。     

伊乐藻-氮循环菌联用对太湖梅梁湾水体脱氮的研究

从太湖梅梁湾采集无扰动泥芯样,分别添加伊乐藻、固定化氮循环菌,模拟生态修复并探讨其机制.采用同位素配对技术测定了伊乐藻-氮循环菌技术对反硝化速率的影响.结果表明,伊乐藻与氮循环菌联合作用的试验柱的反硝化速率(以N计)最高,为104.64μmol·(m2·h)-1,与裸泥试验柱相比增加了150%.采用实时荧光定量PCR技术(RT-qPCR)对沉积物中反硝化菌功能基因nirS、nirK和nosZ进行定量研究,结果显示,反硝化菌的功能基因nirS和nosZ比对照裸泥组高出1～2个数量级,表明较高的微生物量促进了反硝化脱氮的能力.室内模拟实验还表明,沉水植物提高了耦合硝化反硝化的作用,氮循环菌提高了非耦合硝化反硝化的作用,沉水植物与微生物的联合作用提高了沉积物的总反硝化速率,促进了湖泊水体氮素的脱除,起到了净化作用.     

中国主要湖泊营养氮沉降临界负荷的研究

水体营养氮沉降临界负荷是不致使水体产生富营养化的最高氮沉降量。文中探讨了一种依据湖泊氮质量平衡原理计算营养氮沉降临界负荷的方法。用该方法计算表明 ,我国主要湖泊的营养氮沉降临界负荷比较低 ,大部分小于 1keq· hm- 1 · a- 1 ,部分已为目前的氮沉降量或者两者相当接近 ,意味着只接受氮沉降也能导致这些湖泊产生富营养化。但实际统计结果表明 ,氮沉降在导致受工农业生产和生活影响很大的城市和郊区湖泊的水质富营养化的所有氮污染源中所占比例较低 ,而其它来源的氮输入如河道入湖、工业生活废水和农田径流等才是导致富营养化的最主要因素 ,它们的量已远远超过了这些水体可随最高允许氮负荷。因此 ,对控制这些湖泊的水质富营养化而言 ,控制氮沉降并不是目前最紧迫的任务 ,而其它人为污染源的控制才是最急需的。但氮沉降临界负荷在湖泊富营养化的中长远控制中仍具有十分重要的意义。     

Iron-catalyzed oxidation of s(IV) species by oxygen in aqueous solution: Influence of pH on the redox cycling of iron

Redox cycling of Fe(II)/Fe(III) during the catalyzed aqueous S(IV) oxidation by dissolved oxygen in the presence of Fe(II) and/or Fe(III) at an initial pH_i of 4.4, often observed in atmospheric waters, was studied in detail. It has been found that the reaction rate is not considerably affected by the oxidation state of iron at the start of the reaction. An equilibrium between Fe(II) and Fe(III) was established a few minutes after the start of the reaction, regardless of the oxidation state of iron at the beginning of the experiment. The prevailing oxidation state of iron in a particular phase of the reaction depends on the concentration of S(IV) in the reaction solution. It has been found that the formation of polymerized hydroxo Fe(III) species is also included in the mechanism of the Fe-catalyzed oxidation of S(IV). The formation of these species was confirmed by the on-line measurement of Fe(II) and Fe_reac. The results also clearly demonstrate that the pH_i of the solution is a major factor, controlling the concentration of Fe(III) ions, the form of S(IV) species, and consequently the reaction rate of S(IV) oxidation by oxygen.     

NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF PRECIPITATION AND CANOPY THROUGHFALL UNDER CORN,SOYBEANS, AND OATS1

: The effects of corn, soybean, and oat canopies on plant nutrient contents of throughfall precipitation (TFP) were studied to determine if canopies alter the meteoric precipitation (MP) composition. TFP samples collected at 5 cm from corn or soybean rows contained more NH₄, NO₃, soluble PO₄, total PO₄, and soluble K ions than samples collected at 25 and 45 cm distances from the row. Enrichment of MP by the canopies was least at the 45 cm distance. Oat canopies enriched MP more than soybean or corn canopies for most of the ions, probably due to the difference in season of growth. Thus, canopies of these crops alter the nutrient concentration of MP.