Phosphorus availability in two soils amended with poultry litter

Ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓａｖａｉｌａｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎｔｗｏｓｏｉｌｓａｍｅｎｄｅｄｗｉｔｈｐｏｕｌｔｒｙｌｉｔｔｅｒ￥ＨａｎＸｉｎｇｇｕｏ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００９３，...     

基于分区制定水库富营养化管理标准的探讨

在总结水库的区域、流域特性,水动力学特征及功能用途等导致水库富营养化特征之差异性的基础上,讨论水库富营养化分区管理标准的制定方法。研究认为:我国水库富营养化分区管理标准的制定,一是选取合适的分区指标,将水库纳属相应的地理区域;二是选取相应的指标体系制定科学的标准。同时,分区选取的指标应以地理类的指标为主,而标准指标应以营养盐、水动力学及藻类为主。未来工作应主要集中于水库降雨、温度、土地利用、水质等数据的收集及积累。     

Does Tephrosia candida as fallow species, hedgerow or mulch improve nutrient cycling and prevent nutrient losses by erosion on slopes in northern Viet Nam?

Agroforestry is considered to be a promising alternative to short-fallow shifting cultivation or other monocropping systems. An on-farm experiment was established in 1996 in northern Viet Nam to examine the contribution of the leguminous bush Tephrosia candida (Roxb.) D.C. as a fallow or hedgerow species and as a mulch producer to improve nutrient cycling and prevent nutrient losses by erosion. The systems tested were upland rice monocropping (Mono), natural fallow (NaFa), fallow of Tephrosia (TepFa), hedgerow intercropping with upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and internal mulching using pruned Tephrosia biomass (TepAl), and upland rice with external mulching using Tephrosia biomass (TepMu). Over two cropping seasons, from April 1996 to April 1998, nutrients recycled and inputs and exports were recorded, as well as changes in C-, N- and P-pools, and in pH in the 0–5 cm topsoil layer.The Tephrosia systems (TepFa, TepAl, TepMu) prevented nutrient losses by erosion effectively. Compared to the NaFa system, the TepFa system accumulated 34% more N in the above-ground plant parts and increased topsoil N by 20%, probably due to N-fixation. There was a trend that the less labile P-pools (NaOH-P) were reallocated into the more labile P-pools (Bicarb-P) in the soil of the TepFa system. Burning released significant amounts of the inorganic P-pools in both the NaFa and TepFa systems and this effect seemed to be more pronounced in the TepFa than in the NaFa. Organic input to crop export ratios for N and P were >1 in the TepAl and TepMu treatments. This was due to a sufficient quantity and quality of the Tephrosia mulching material. However, moderately labile NaOH-extractable organic P seemed to be depleted in the topsoil due to high P uptake in the TepMu treatment. Thus, nutrient cycling and nutrient balances were improved under the Tephrosia systems. But for long-term P sustainability, there is a belief that a combined use of mulching and mineral P fertiliser is needed.     

Element cycling in the dominant plant community in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains, China

Element cycling in the dominant plant communities including Rh. aureum, Rh. redowskianum and Vaccinium uliginosum in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains in northeast China was studied. The results indicate that the amount of elements from litter decomposition was less than that of the plant uptake from soil, but that from plant uptake was higher than that in soil with mineralization process released. On the other hand, in the open system including precipitation input and soil leaching output, because of great number of elements from precipitation into the open system, the element cycling(except N, P) in the Alpine tundra ecosystem was in a dynamic balance. In this study, it was also found that different organ of plants had significant difference in accumulating elements. Ca, Mg, P and N were accumulated more obviously in leaves, while Fe was in roots. The degree of concentration of elements in different tissues of the same organ of the plants also was different, a higher concentration of Ca, Mg, P and N in mesophyll than in nerve but Fe was in a reversed order. The phenomenon indicates ( 1 ) a variety of biochemical functions of different elements, (2) the elements in mesophyll were with a shorter turnover period than those in nerve or fibre, but higher utilization rate for plant. Therefore, this study implies the significance of keeping element dynamic balance in the alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountains.     

Performance evaluation of microbial fuel cell for landfill leachate treatment: Research updates and synergistic effects of hybrid systems

Over half of century, sanitary landfill was and is still the most economical treatment strategy for solid waste disposal, but the environmental risks associated with the leachate have brought attention of scientists for its proper treatment to avoid surface and ground water deterioration. Most of the treatment technologies are energy-negative and cost intensive processes, which are unable to meet current environmental regulations. There are continuous demands of alternatives concomitant with positive energy and high effluent quality. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were launched in the last two decades as a potential treatment technology with bioelectricity generation accompanied with simultaneous carbon and nutrient removal. This study reviews capability and mechanisms of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous removal from landfill leachate through MFC technology, as well as summarizes and discusses the recent advances of standalone and hybrid MFCs performances in landfill leachate (LFL) treatment. Recent improvements and synergetic effect of hybrid MFC technology upon the increasing of power densities, organic and nutrient removal, and future challenges were discussed in details.     

High starter phosphorus fertilization facilitates soil phosphorus turnover by romoting microbial functional interaction in an arable soil

Microbial phosphorus (P) turnover is critical in C utilization efficiency in agroecosystems. It is therefore necessary to understand the P mobilization processes occurring during P fertilization in order to ensure both crop yield and environmental quality. Here, we established a controlled pot experiment containing soil amended with three different levels of starter P fertilizer and collected soil samples after 30, 60, and 90 days of incubation. Quantitative microbial element cycling (QMEC) smart chip technology and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used to investigate functional gene structures involved in carbon, nitrogen and P cycling and the bacterial community composition of the collected samples. Although P fertilization did not significantly affect the structure of the soil microbial community, some rare microbiota were changed in particular phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria were enriched at the high P fertilization level, suggesting that the rare taxa make an important contribution to P turnover. P fertilization also altered the functional gene structure, and high P concentrations enhanced the functional gene diversity and abundance. Partial redundancy analysis further revealed that changes in rare taxa and functional genes of soil microorganisms drive the alteration of soil P pools. These findings extend our understanding of the microbial mechanisms of P turnover.     

一种适用于不同航天器电子产品的热循环试验的循环次数确定方法

目的给不同航天器电子设备提供合适的常压热循环试验条件,使其在不同的循环次数和温度范围下获得相等的应力筛选,提出一种定制化的热循环次数的确定方法。方法基于热疲劳理论,分析典型航天器热致故障机理,并综合考虑航天器设计、材料、工艺的特点以及历史故障数据分布的影响,引入综合疲劳加速指数和故障沉淀率,形成航天器综合疲劳寿命等效等式。最后以某航天器典型电子设备为例,给出该方法所确定的试验条件。结果该方法能降低航天器欠试验或过试验的风险。     

HTPB推进剂自然环境加速老化试验方法研究

目的建立一种HTPB推进剂自然环境加速老化试验方法。方法研发一套户外热循环自然环境加速试验装置,可以模拟和强化太阳辐射对HTPB推进剂的热效应和昼夜温差冲击效应,并保持环境温度日夜温差循环、季节温差循环的特点。利用该装置,在海南万宁试验站户外暴露场开展HTPB推进剂自然环境加速老化试验及其验证试验,设定试验最高温度不超过70℃,并同期开展HTPB推进剂库房贮存试验。从模拟性、加速性、重现性评价自然环境加速老化试验方法的可信度。结果随着老化时间的延长,最大拉伸强度保留率波动下降,可作为HTPB推进剂敏感力学参数。与该推进剂在库房贮存不同时间的最大拉伸强度保留率相比,在置信度为99%,两种试验方法的Spearman秩相关系数为0.93时,自然环境加速老化试验方法对于库房贮存试验方法的加速倍率为5倍,自然环境加速老化试验重现性良好。结论建立了一种适用于HTPB推进剂的简单易行、模拟性强、加速倍率高的自然环境加速老化试验方法,能再现HTPB推进剂在实际库房贮存的力学性能变化规律。     

根际养分活化与吸收过程的定量模拟研究进展

在论述植物根系作为养分的主动吸收槽．对根际养分生物有效性产生重要作用的前提下，本文扼要讨论了根际pH值变化、根分泌螯合物与还原性物及根际微生物在根际土壤养分活化中的作用过程，并重点评述了有关养分活化与吸收模拟模型的研究进展与发展趋势．     

Integrating wetlands and riparian zones in river basin modelling

Wetlands, and in particular riparian wetlands, represent an interface between the catchment area and the aquatic environment. They control the exchange of water and related chemical fluxes from the upper catchment area to surface waters like streams and lakes. Their influence on water and nutrient balances has been investigated mainly at the patch scale. In this study an attempt was made (a) to integrate riparian zones and wetlands into eco-hydrological river basin modelling, and (b) to quantify the impacts of riparian wetland processes on water and nutrient fluxes in a meso-scale catchment located in the northeastern German lowland. The investigation was performed by analysing hydro-chemical field data and applying the eco-hydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model), which was extended to reproduce the relevant water and nutrient flows and retention processes at the catchment scale in general, and in riparian zones and wetlands in particular. The main extensions introduced in the model were: (1) implementation of daily groundwater table dynamics at the hydrotope level, (2) implementation of water and nutrient uptake by plants from groundwater in riparian zones and wetlands, and (3) assessment of nutrient retention in groundwater and interflow. The simulation results indicate that wetlands, though they represent relatively small parts of the total catchment area, may have a significant impact on the overall water and nutrient balances of the catchment. The uncertainty of the simulation results is considerably high, with the main sources of uncertainty being the model parameters representing the geo-hydrology and the input data for land use management.