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71.
Forrest E. Dierberg 《Environmental management》1992,16(3):371-380
Following a period of prolonged drought or intentional lake level drawdown, large littoral areas that once contained submersed
aquatic vegetation (SAV) are reinundated when lake levels rise. A complete assessment of the contribution made by decomposing
SAV to the in-lake phosphorus (P) concentration is important in both the management of Lake Okeechobee and understanding basic
P processes. The P contribution to the open waters of Lake Okeechobee from a rapid inundation of exposed SAV was calculated
by four methods: cores of field-desiccated SAV, cores of lab-desiccated SAV in the presence and absence of sediments, in situ
decomposition, and sequential macrophyte harvesting. P releases, given such an episodic event, were similar among the four
methods, ranging from 116±48 to 384±528 mg/m2 in the absence of sediment. When SAV is in contact with sediment, which is the realistic field situation, the amount of P
released was four times less (30±14 mg/m2) than in the absence of sediment. The calculated P releases would result in total P concentration increases in the lake from
2 to 15 μg/liter (upper 95% CI=2–25 μg/liter) in the absence of sediment; only 1 μg/liter increase was predicted when SAV
released P in contact with sediment. Thus it is unlikely that a significant rise in total P concentrations in the limnetic
zone of the lake would occur from the export of P released during the desiccation of SAV in the littoral-marsh zone during
a drawdown. 相似文献
72.
R. W. P. M. Laane J. Van Der Meer A. De Vries A. Van Der Giessen 《Environmental management》1990,14(2):221-227
During the winter period an inverse linear relation is found between the concentration of dissolved nutrients (phosphorus
and nitrogen) and salinity in the Dutch coastal zone. This indicates a conservative behavior of these compounds from the river,
through the estuary to the sea. During summer this relation is much more scattered because of biological processes. The physical
and statistical properties of the relationship between salinity and the concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus and
nitrogen are used to calculate when, where, and how many samples have to be taken in order to monitor a reduction of a compound
accurately. It appeared that at any given salinity in the estuary and in the sea, the winter period is the most suitable season
to detect a reduction of a given dissolved compound. The higher the salinity in the estuary, the more samples are required
to prove the reduction significantly. A reduction of only 10% cannot even be demonstrated by field measurements during summer
at salinities above 25. It is concluded that one cruise from the river to the sea, covering the salinities from 0 to 35 during
the winter period, aimed at establishing the relationship between the concentration and salinity by taking samples at a salinity
interval of for instance 1%, is sufficient to monitor a wide-ranging reduction of 10%–50% in both the fresh water and marine
water. This program must be combined with a sampling at a salinity of 0, directed to determine the riverine temporal variability. 相似文献
73.
A. Saïdou B. H. Janssen E. J. M. Temminghoff 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2003,100(2-3):265
Four on-farm experiments examined whether modest applications of fertilizers in combination with prunings from native agroforestry trees would be an alternative to maintain the fertility of ferralitic soils in Benin. An application of about 1.9 t ha−1 dry matter of mulch of Senna siamea combined with 30 kg N ha−1, 22 kg P ha−1 and 25 kg K ha−1 as compound fertilizer was compared with (1) 60 kg N ha−1, 43 kg P ha−1 and 50 kg K ha−1 as compound fertilizer alone, (2) mulch of S. siamea alone (about 3.2 t ha−1 dry matter), and (3) a control treatment. Criteria were soil properties, yields, nutrient uptakes, and nutrient budgets. Application of sole mulch had no significant effects (P>0.05) on maize yields, while combined application of prunings and NPK fertilizers or sole NPK increased yields significantly (P<0.05). The most limiting nutrient was P. The local maize cultivar was efficient in P uptake, but not in internal nutrient utilization efficiency; mulch increased significantly the internal P utilization efficiency (P<0.05). Soil properties were interpreted with the QUEFTS (quantitative evaluation of the fertility of tropical soils) computer program. The predicted and measured yields were almost the same for maize without NPK. The measured responses to NPK were much lower than the responses calculated by QUEFTS. The calculated nutrient budgets were split into balances for available nutrients and for those not immediately available (NIA). Nutrient budgets were negative for the control and sole mulch treatments, and positive for the NPK treatments. Mulch improved the balances of NIA nutrients. The present experiment could not prove that combining NPK with mulch is the best option for sustainable agriculture. It may be more economical to apply lower rates of fertilizer to local maize than those applied in the two NPK treatments in the present study. 相似文献
74.
陈垃圾特性分析及其适用性评价 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
对深圳市盐田区垃圾场处置工程陈垃圾特性进行了分析,结果表明,场内陈垃圾已基本腐熟,相对附近农田土壤,陈垃圾中的营养物质较高,接近但尚未完全达到农用垃圾肥标准,且铅含量超标2~3 倍,不宜进入食物链。但陈垃圾可用作市区绿化地带、公园、苗圃、林业等处的有机肥和垃圾填埋场封场工程的表层营养土 相似文献
75.
Matthew R. Redding Alan Skerman John Ritchie Kenneth D. Casey 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2007,120(2-4):166-178
Nutrient mass balances have been used to assess a variety of land resource scenarios, at various scales. They are widely used as a simple basis for policy, planning, and regulatory decisions but it is not clear how accurately they reflect reality. This study provides a critique of broad-scale nutrient mass balances, with particular application to the fertiliser use of beef lot-feeding manure in Queensland.Mass balances completed at the district and farm scale were found to misrepresent actual manure management behaviour and potentially the risk of nutrient contamination of water resources. The difficulties of handling stockpile manure and concerns about soil compaction mean that manure is spread thickly over a few paddocks at a time and not evenly across a whole farm. Consequently, higher nutrient loads were applied to a single paddock less frequently than annually. This resulted in years with excess nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium remaining in the soil profile. This conclusion was supported by evidence of significant nutrient movement in several of the soil profiles studied.Spreading manure is profitable, but maximum returns can be associated with increased risk of nutrient leaching relative to conventional inorganic fertiliser practices. Bio-economic simulations found this increased risk where manure was applied to supply crop nitrogen requirements (the practice of the case study farms, 200–5000 head lot-feeders).Thus, the use of broad-scale mass balances can be misleading because paddock management is spatially heterogeneous and this leads to increased local potential for nutrient loss. In response to the effect of spatial heterogeneity policy makers who intend to use mass balance techniques to estimate potential for nutrient contamination should apply these techniques conservatively. 相似文献
76.
77.
J. D. Wijnhoud Yothin Konboon Rod D. B. Lefroy 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2003,100(2-3):119
In northeast Thailand, the sustainability of rainfed lowland rice-based systems, the dominant land-use system (LUS) in the region, is a concern for the welfare of the population in this relatively poor region. Poor soil fertility and low inputs are seen as major causes of this lack of sustainability. In this context, the assessment of nutrient budgets is seen as a powerful tool for the assessment of critical components of the sustainability of this particular LUS. Biophysical, socioeconomic, and management-related data on the farming systems were collected for 30 farms in Ubon Ratchathani Province, northeast Thailand. A relational database system (RDBS) was developed to manage and analyze the data. The RDBS includes a calculation procedure for the semi-automatic generation of partial nutrient balances. Partial nutrient balances are good indicators for some critical components of sustainability, and important for decision support on soil fertility management when considered with the additional factors that are required for a full nutrient balance.For the rice-based systems of 30 farms, mean partial balances were 12 kg N ha−1, 8 kg P ha−1, and 7 kg K ha−1 per year. Large variations in partial N, P, and K balances exist among different farms and, even more so, for different land utilization types (LUTs). The LUTs are distinct cropping system–management combinations that occur down to the subfield level. Many of the partial balances assessed were negative.Farmers manage nutrients for similar parcels of land in very different ways. This results in the observed large variation in partial nutrient balances, even for the same type of land use within the same farm. These results confirm the high inter-farm and intra-farm variability for partial balances of N, P, and K of several preliminary studies. Farmer interviews and field surveys revealed that different socioeconomic factors appear to be related with inter- and intra-farm variability in nutrient budgets. In addition, the socioeconomic component of the case study revealed that diversification of income sources, particularly off-farm employment, had a larger impact on household income than rice production. Furthermore, while many less well-off households had a greater reliance on rice production, many farms with high off-farm and non-rice farm income had a higher total production of rice.The nutrient balance approach, starting with partial nutrient balances, may become an important component of a dynamic and site-specific decision support tool (DST) for nutrient management, and a relational database of the form used in this study may become a key element. 相似文献
78.
79.
80.
对农桐间作(以桐为主间作型)的养分循环规律进行了研究。结果表明,泡桐各器官营养元素的含量随季节而变化。对营养元素的年吸收量为471.9595kg/hm ̄2,其中氮155.1429kg/hm ̄2,磷80.0821kg/hm ̄2,钾87.0394kg/hm ̄2,钙119.4603kg/hm ̄2,镁30.2348kg/hm ̄2。营养元素的年归还量为331.6155kg/hm ̄2,其中氮102.5721kg/hm ̄2,磷43.2922kg/hm ̄2.钾63.6497kg/hm ̄2,钙97.3586kg/hm ̄2,镁24.7429kg/hm ̄2。营养元素的循环率为70、26%,其中氮66.11%,磷54.06%,钾73.13%,钙81.50%,镁81.84%。 相似文献