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21.
22.
Effective EU and Member State policies for stimulating CCS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Although CO2 capture and storage (CCS) is widely recognised as an option to mitigate climate change, consistent and effective EU policies to advance CCS are still absent. This paper discusses policy instruments for advancing large-scale deployment of CCS in the European Union, and evaluates them in a multi-criteria analysis. The EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) is a cost-effective instrument for limiting greenhouse gas emissions, but it is questionable whether its currently limited time horizon and short-trading periods will lead to substantial CCS diffusion. Complementary policies at the EU and the Member State level may repair this and provide sufficient incentives for CCS. Potential policies include financial instruments such as investment subsidies, a feed-in scheme, or a CO2 price guarantee, as well as a CCS mandate or a low-carbon portfolio. These policy options differ with respect to their environmental effectiveness, possible interaction with the EU-ETS, costs and financial risk involved, and their competition with other mitigation options. Interactions between Member State policies and the EU-ETS are smaller in scope than those of EU-wide policies, but they are more likely to lead to displacement of financial resources from other low-carbon technologies. In addition, national policies may pose a significant part of the financial risk of CCS operations with Member States, reducing the operator's incentive to innovate. Overall, structural policies at the EU level, such as a mandate or a low-carbon portfolio standard would be more conducive for realising large-scale deployment of CCS across the EU as well as more acceptable to environmental organisations. 相似文献
23.
Nutrient transfer functions: the site of integration between feeding behaviour and nutritional physiology 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Summary. We describe and extend a graphical approach to quantitative nutrition that focuses on the interplay between behavioural and
physiological components of nutritional regulation. The site of integration is the nutrient transfer function, which is the
function describing the time course of nutrient transfer between serially connected nutritional compartments (e.g., from the gut to the blood). The relationship between the shape of the nutrient transfer function and the temporal patterns
of feeding determines the values of two key quantitative parameters of nutrition: the rate ('power') and the efficiency of nutrient acquisition. The approach can be extended to consider, in addition to the short-term behavioural and physiological
decisions made by animals, some ecological determinants and longer-term, life history consequences of such decisions. Most
importantly, this category of models can provide insights into the interplay among the various nutrients in an animal's diet.
We illustrate this using hypothetical examples, and also present preliminary data for the power-efficiency relationships of
protein and digestible carbohydrates in locusts. Finally, we consider existing evidence for the various means available to
these and other insects for regulating such relationships.
Received 24 September 1997; accepted 9 December 1997. 相似文献
24.
K. Håkan Olsén J. Torbjörn Järvi Ian Mayer Erik Petersson Frederieke Kroon 《Chemoecology》1998,8(1):9-17
Summary. In the present experiment the behaviour and endocrine status of males of the brown trout, Salmo trutta L., (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) were studied when males were kept in a stream tank with a nest digging female. Groups of
mature adult males and precocious intact or anosmic male parr were placed with the nesting female so that the group resembled
a natural spawning situation with big anadromous fish acting as dominant males and precocious parr acting as “sneakers”. A
control experiment was also run with only males without a female present. In intact parr there were significant positive correlations
between the per cent of the total observation time spent with a female, milt volume, and plasma concentration of 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one.
Anosmic parr had significantly lower volumes of strippable milt and gonadal steroid hormone levels compared with intact parr.
However, no differences were found in the control experiment. Significantly fewer anosmic parr attended and courted the nesting
female and those anosmic fish that attended the female had significantly lower plasma levels of gonadal hormones. Intact parr
also displayed a greater number of agonistic acts against other parr without any difference in fighting ability. No differences
in aggression occured in the control experiment. In adult males together with a female, post-experimental gonadal steroid
hormone levels were higher than pre-experimental levels. Positive correlations between aggression and androgen hormone levels
were observed in adult males. No differences in plasma hormone levels were observed between adult males and intact precocious
males. The results show that olfactory occlusion results in low steroid hormone levels and milt volumes in precocious males
placed in a spawning situation. The courting behaviour was also affected by anosmia. Odours from the nesting female may have
caused the enhanced plasma hormone levels and stimulated the males to attend the female.
Received 15 May 1997; accepted 29 June 1997. 相似文献
25.
Samaratunga SS Nishimoto J Tabata M 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(1):27-30
BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: Chromium enters into the aquatic environment as a result of effluent discharge from steel works, electroplating, leather tanning industries and chemical industries. As the Cr(VI) is very harmful to living organisms, it should be quickly removed from the environment when it happens to be contaminated. Therefore, the aim of this laboratory research was to develop a rapid, simple and adaptable solvent extraction system to quantitatively remove Cr(VI) from polluted waters. METHODS: Aqueous salt-solutions containing Cr(VI) as CrO4(2-) at ppm level (4-6 ppm) were prepared. Equal volumes (5 ml) of aqueous and organic (2-PrOH) phases were mixed in a 10 ml centrifuge tube for 15 min, centrifuged and separated. Concentrations of Cr(VI), in both the aqueous and organic phases, were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The effects of salt and acid concentrations, and phase-contact time on the extraction of Cr(VI) were investigated. In addition, the extraction of Cr(VI) was assessed in the presence of tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC) in 2-PrOH phase. Effects of some other metals, (Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)), on the extraction of Cr(VI) were also investigated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The Cr(VI) at ppm level was extracted quantitatively by salting-out the homogeneous system of water and 2-propanol(2-PrOH) using chloride salts, namely CaCl2 or NaCl, under acidic chloride media. The extracted chemical species of Cr(VI) was confirmed to be the CrO3Cl-. The ion-pair complex extracted into the organic phase was rationalized as the solvated ion-pair complex of [2-PrOH2+, CrO3Cl-]. The complex was no longer stable. It implied the reaction between extracted species. Studies revealed that salts and acid directly participated in the formation of the above complex. Use of extracting agents (TMAC) didn't show any significant effect on the extraction of Cr(VI) under high salting-out conditions. There is no significant interference effect on the extraction of Cr(VI) by the presence of other metals. The Cr(VI) in the organic phase was back-extracted using an aqueous ammonia solution (1.6 mol dm(-3)) containing 3 mol dm(-3) NaCl. The extraction mechanism of Cr(VI) is also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Salting-out of homogeneous mixed solvent of 2-propanol can be employed to extract Cr(VI) quantitatively, as an ion-pair of [2-PrOH2+ * CrO3Cl-] solvated by 2-PrOH molecules. Then, the complex becomes 'solvent-like' and is readily separated into the organic phase. The increase of Cl- ion concentration in the aqueous phase favors the extraction. The 2-PrOH, salts and acid play important roles in the extraction process. There is no need to use an extracting agent at a high salting-out condition. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Chromium(VI) must be quickly removed before it enters into the natural cycle. As the 2-PrOH is water-miscible in any proportion, ion-pairing between 2-PrOH2+ and CrO3Cl- becomes very fast. As a result, Cr(VI) can easily be extracted. Therefore, the method is recommended as a simple, rapid and adaptable method to quickly separate Cr(VI) from aqueous samples. 相似文献
26.
27.
Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2磁性复合材料对水中单宁酸的吸附性能研究 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
通过简单方法制备出Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2磁性复合材料,并利用XRD、FT-IR、VSM和SEM等手段对其物理化学性质进行了表征,最后对水中单宁酸进行了吸附性能研究.结果表明,所制备复合材料上的氨基基团(N—H的特征吸收峰出现在1549.53cm-1)能够与单宁酸上的酚羟基反应,使—NH2质子化形成NH+3,并利用良好的磁性(42.5emu.g-1)使单宁酸从水中分离去除;对单宁酸的吸附符合Langmuir吸附模型和拟二级吸附动力学方程;在pH=6时,基于氢键和静电吸附的协同作用,吸附能力达到最强,为85.18mg.g-1(吸附温度为25℃,吸附时间为60min).研究证实,Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2磁性复合材料与Fe3O4@SiO2和SiO2相比,对单宁酸有更好的吸附性能,同时通过外磁场可以达到固液分离的效果. 相似文献
28.
Anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes in a single-phased anaerobic sequencing batch reactor(ASBR) with gas-phased absorb of CO2 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
ZHANG Bo HE Zheng-guang ZHANG Li-li XU Jian-bo SHI Hong-zhuan CAI Wei-min 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2005,17(2):249-255
IntroductionThereisanever increasingquantityofkitchenwasteswiththeincreasingpopulationandlivingconditionsinChina .Kitchenwasteshaveahighproportionof 5 0 %— 70 %amongmunicipalsolidwastes.TakingthecityofShanghaiforexample,thegenerationofkitchenwastesamount… 相似文献
29.
在微电解接触氧化系统中,研究了2-氯酚的降解特性和机理。在酸性溶液中,2-氯酚的降解效率比其在中性和碱性溶液的高。向其中加入活性炭,由于表面催化的作用使得2-氯酚更易降解。溶液中的溶解氧参与电极反应并促进2-氯酚的降解。降解产物有1,2-苯二酚、丙三醇、草酸和乙酸。通过对中间产物的分析,提出了2-氯酚可能的降解途径。 相似文献
30.