机动车尾气排放VOCs源成分谱及其大气反应活性

选取轻型汽油车、重型柴油车和摩托车等城市典型机动车种分别采用底盘测功机及实际道路实验,结合SUMMA罐采样的方法,获得了小轿车、出租车、公交车、卡车、摩托车和LPG助动车的尾气VOCs样品,利用气相色谱-质谱分析了各车型机动车尾气VOCs的浓度及其物种组成.结果表明,轻型汽油车尾气VOCs以甲苯、二甲苯等芳香烃为主,占43.38%～44.45%;重型柴油车以丙烷、n-十二烷及n-十一烷等烷烃组分为主,占46.86%～48.57%,还有13.28%～15.01%的丙酮等含氧特征组分;摩托车与LPG助动车的主要成分为乙炔,分别占39.75%和76.67%左右.各车型中,摩托车和轻型汽油车尾气VOCs的化学活性显著高于重型柴油车辆,以上海市为例,其大气化学活性贡献分别占55%和44%左右,是影响城市和区域大气氧化能力的关键污染源,其中以甲苯、二甲苯、丙烯、苯乙烯等关键活性物种的贡献最大.     

Utilization of aluminum hydroxide waste generated in fluoride adsorption and coagulation processes for adsorptive removal of cadmium ion

Although Al-based coagulation and adsorption processes have been proved highly efficient for fluoride (F) removal, the two processes both generate large amount of Al(OH)₃ solid waste containing F (Al(OH)₃-F). This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of utilizing Al(OH)₃-F generated in Al(OH)₃ adsorption (Al(OH)₃-F_ads) and coagulation (Al(OH)₃-F_coag) for the adsorption of cadmium ion (Cd(II)). The adsorption capacity of Al(OH)₃-F_ads and Al(OH)₃-F_coag for Cd(II) was similar as that of pristine aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)₃), being of 24.39 and 19.90 mg·g^–1, respectively. The adsorption of Cd(II) onto Al(OH)₃-F_ads and Al(OH)₃-F_coag was identified to be dominated by ion-exchange with sodium ion (Na⁺) or hydrogen ion (H⁺), surface microprecitation, and electrostatic attraction. The maximum concentration of the leached fluoride from Al(OH)₃-F_ads and Al(OH)₃-F_coag is below the Chinese Class-I IndustrialWastewater Discharge Standard for fluoride (<10 mg·L^–1). This study demonstrates that the Al(OH)₃ solid wastes generated in fluoride removal process could be potentially utilized as a adsorbent for Cd(II) removal.     

Enhanced degradation of trichloroethene by calcium peroxide activated with Fe(III) in the presence of citric acid

Trichloroethene (TCE) degradation by Fe(III)-activated calcium peroxide (CP) in the presence of citric acid (CA) in aqueous solution was investigated. The results demonstrated that the presence of CA enhanced TCE degradation significantly by increasing the concentration of soluble Fe(III) and promoting H₂O₂ generation. The generation of HO? and O₂^-? in both the CP/Fe(III) and CP/Fe(III)/CA systems was confirmed with chemical probes. The results of radical scavenging tests showed that TCE degradation was due predominantly to direct oxidation by HO?, while O₂^-? strengthened the generation of HO? by promoting Fe(III) transformation in the CP/Fe(III)/CA system. Acidic pH conditions were favorable for TCE degradation, and the TCE degradation rate decreased with increasing pH. The presence of Cl^-, HCO₃^-, and humic acid (HA) inhibited TCE degradation to different extents for the CP/Fe(III)/CA system. Analysis of Cl^- production suggested that TCE degradation in the CP/Fe(III)/CA system occurred through a dechlorination process. In summary, this study provided detailed information for the application of CA-enhanced Fe(III)-activated calcium peroxide for treating TCE contaminated groundwater.     

Decolorization of methyl orange in wastewater with in situ electrogenerated oh free radicals

A treatability study was conducted to determine the potential of white rot fungi to remediate soil from a Superfund site that had been contaminated with DDT. A tiered approach was utilized, starting with simple laboratory studies to screen the potential of white rot fungal strains to degrade DDT and culminating with a soil pan study that simulated land farming. Results from early tiers of the study indicated that Phanerochaete sordida had the best potential for remediating the soil. In the soil pan study, the fungus ultimately grew very well after second inoculation. However, the good growth did not translate to higher DDT removal compared to removal in pans that were not inoculated. ¹⁴[DDT] fate studies indicated the small amount of removal that did occur for both fungal inoculated and non‐inoculated conditions could be partially attributed to incorporation into humic material. Addition of a surfactant to the soil enhanced the removal of DDT in both inoculated and non‐inoculated soil. Consequently, under simulated land fanning conditions, this strain of fungus was not successful in remediating this soil.     

Hydroxyl radical generation and oxidative stress in Carassius auratus exposed to glyphosate and its formulation

Oxidative stress parameters and some antioxidant defense systems in the liver of Carassius auratus exposed to glyphosate and its formulation (Roundup®) have been studied. Fish were exposed to glyphosate and its formulation at concentrations of 0.032, 0.16, 0.8, and 4.0 mg L^?1, all calculated on glyphosate basis, for 11 days. Hydroxyl radical generation as determined by electron spin resonance spectroscopy of its spin-adduct with α-phenyl-t-butyl nitrone increased with the concentration of Roundup®. Superoxide dismutase activities were decreased relative to control by 21%–46% when exposed to glyphosate and 45%–52% when exposed to Roundup®, suggesting that the formulation is more toxic than glyphosate alone. Catalase showed no difference between both groups.     

水中有机物高级氧化过程中的羟基自由基检测方法比较

化学氧化水中有机物过程中的羟基自由基的定量检测是研究高级氧化动力学和过程机理的重要技术手段.本文通过对比整理相关领域羟基自由基的检测技术,分析了目前在医学和化工领域中使用的羟基自由基测量方法的应用特点和适用范围,讨论了其中的便捷式分析方法及其在水处理高级氧化过程研究中的可用性,推荐了可用于多组分水相的Fenton试剂氧化有机物过程中的羟基自由基检测方法.     

·Cl引发3种环状含有NH结构有机化合物的大气转化机制及动力学

氯自由基(·Cl)的高氧化性及其内陆来源的新发现使得·Cl在评估有机污染物的大气归趋方面起着比以往更为重要的作用。含有NH_x(x=1,2)结构的有机化合物不仅是大气中一类潜在的有机污染物,也是大气中致癌性亚硝胺的前驱体—N中心自由基的重要来源。前人研究发现,·Cl与含有NH_x(x=1,2)结构的有机化合物具有独特的相互作用且其反应具有结构依赖性。目前,大多数研究只关注链状含有NH_x(x=1,2)结构有机化合物的反应,而对于环状含有NH结构有机化合物的反应研究却很少。本研究使用量子化学和动力学模拟相结合的方法研究·Cl引发3种环状含有NH结构有机化合物(吗啉(MOR)、哌啶(PIP)和吡咯烷(PYR))的大气转化机制及动力学。结果发现,·Cl夺取3种环状含有NH结构有机化合物中N—H的H原子形成N中心自由基是最可行的反应路径。在298 K和1 atm下,计算的反应速率常数分别为5.0!10-10(MOR)、5.1!10-10(PIP)和4.9!10-10(PYR) cm~3·molecule-1·s-1,且具有正的温度依附性。结合可获得的·OH引发反应的反应速率常数,评估·Cl对MOR和PIP转化的贡献分别为·OH的2.6%～26%和6.9%～69%。上述研究结果为将来建立·Cl引发含有NH_x(x=1,2)结构有机化合物反应的结构-活性关系、全面评估含有NH_x(x=1,2)结构有机化合物的大气归趋和环境风险提供数据支持。     

Elimination of antibiotic resistance genes and control of horizontal transfer risk by UV-based treatment of drinking water: A mini review

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes are in water bodies. UV/chlorination method is better to remove ARGs than UV or chlorination alone. Research on UV/hydrogen peroxide to eliminate ARGs is forthcoming. UV-based photocatalytic processes are effective to degrade ARGs. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been recognized as one of the biggest public health issues of the 21st century. Both ARB and ARGs have been determined in water after treatment with conventional disinfectants. Ultraviolet (UV) technology has been seen growth in application to disinfect the water. However, UV method alone is not adequate to degrade ARGs in water. Researchers are investigating the combination of UV with other oxidants (chlorine, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), peroxymonosulfate (PMS), and photocatalysts) to harness the high reactivity of produced reactive species (Clž·, ClOž·ž, Clž₂·ž⁻, žž·OH, and SOž₄ž·⁻€) in such processes with constituents of cell (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and its components) in order to increase the degradation efficiency of ARGs. This paper briefly reviews the current status of different UV-based treatments (UV/chlorination, UV/H₂O₂, UV/PMS, and UV-photocatalysis) to degrade ARGs and to control horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in water. The review also provides discussion on the mechanism of degradation of ARGs and application of q-PCR and gel electrophoresis to obtain insights of the fate of ARGs during UV-based treatment processes.     

氧活性粒子脱除烟气中SO2的实验研究

为了解决目前气体电离放电脱硫方法存在的等离子源体积庞大、能耗高、以及需要依靠传统脱硫方法的协同作用等问题.拟用小流量高浓度氧活性粒子[O2+、O(1D)、O(3P)、O3]及引发剂HO2-分别注入烟道中,与烟气中H2O反应生成·OH;在无吸收剂、无催化剂及没有其他技术协同作用下,进行·OH氧化脱除大烟气量中的微量SO2并生成H2SO4的实验.结果表明:烟气温度为30℃,氧活性粒子与SO2摩尔比为3~4时,脱硫率达到94.6%,回收酸液中SO42-浓度达到9.3g/L.     

UV/微曝气联用工艺对内分泌干扰物BP的去除效果和影响因素

采用新型工艺UV/微曝气对水中内分泌干扰物4-叔丁基苯酚（BP）进行降解研究.结果表明,UV/微曝气是一种高级氧化法,可以有效去除水中BP;UV/微曝气联用工艺降解BP受本底TOC值、BP初始浓度值、UV光强以及溶液初始pH影响较大.随着TOC值的降低,BP降解速率k₁迅速增加;随着光强的增大,BP的降解速率呈线性增长;在189～410 μg/L浓度范围内,k₁随着BP浓度的增大而逐步增大,在410～971 μg/L浓度的范围内,k₁随着浓度的增大而逐步降低;pH 2.77～4.01范围内UV/微曝气对BP降解速率较大,pH 4.70～8.16范围内UV/微曝气对BP降解速率较低.