Measurement of total OH reactivity by laser-induced pump and probe technique—comprehensive observations in the urban atmosphere of Tokyo

Total OH reactivity was observed by use of the laser-induced pump and probe technique, and the urban air quality in Tokyo was diagnosed comprehensively. The concentrations of NO_x, CO, O₃, non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) were observed simultaneously. The observations were conducted in July and August 2003, and in January, February, May, and November 2004. Generally, the observed OH reactivity was higher than the calculated values derived using the observed concentrations of the trace species. The differences between the observed and calculated values in summer, spring, and autumn were approximately 30%. However, the difference in winter was smaller than those in the other seasons. In addition, while the differences observed in summer, spring, and autumn correlated with the total reactivity of the OVOCs (Σ_i k_OVOCi[OVOC_i](s⁻¹), k_i is rate constant of its compounds with OH), the correlations were not confirmed in the case of winter because atmospheric oxidation was less active and OVOCs levels were low in winter. These results suggest that the secondary products of the photochemical reactions in the atmosphere would be a missing sink for the OH loss process in the urban area.     

氯氟烃替代物与OH自由基光化学反应

保护生物多样性生物多样性是人类社会赖以生存和发展的物质基础，保护生物多样性，保证生物资源的持续利用是一项全球性任务，也是全球环境保护行动计划的重要组成部分。按照生物多样性国际公约的定义，生物多样性“是指所有来源和形形色色的生物体，这些来源包括陆地、海...     

Formation of organic chloride in the treatment of textile dyeing sludge by Fenton system

In the oxidation treatment of textile dyeing sludge, the quantitative and transformation laws of organic chlorine are not clear enough. Thus, this study mainly evaluated the treatment of textile dyeing sludge by Fenton and Fenton-like system from the aspects of the influence of Cl⁻, the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organic carbon, and the removal and formation mechanism of organic chlorine. The results showed that the organic halogen in sludge was mainly hydrophobic organic chlorine, and the content of adsorbable organic chlorine (AOCl) was 0.30 mg/g (dry sludge). In the Fenton system with pH=3, 500 mg/L Cl⁻, 30 mmol/L Fe²⁺ and 30 mmol/L H₂O₂, the removal of phenanthrene was promoted by chlorine radicals (•Cl), and the AOCl in sludge solid phase increased to 0.55 mg/g (dry sludge) at 30 min. According to spectral analysis, it was found that •Cl could chlorinate aromatic and aliphatic compounds (excluding PAHs) in solid phase at the same time, and eventually led to the accumulation of aromatic chlorides in solid phase. Strengthening the oxidation ability of Fenton system increased the formation of organic chlorines in liquid and solid phases. In weak acidity, the oxidation and desorption of superoxide anion promoted the removal and migration of PAHs and organic carbon in solid phase, and reduced the formation of total organic chlorine. The Fenton-like system dominated by non-hydroxyl radical could realize the mineralization of PAHs, organic carbon and organic chlorines instead of migration. This paper builds a basis for the selection of sludge conditioning methods.     

提高钙基吸着剂脱硫活性的试验研究

研究制备了两类吸着剂，一类在Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２中混入易潮解性盐和碱，另一类是Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２与燃煤飞灰的水合物。在积分式固定床反应器系统的脱硫活性测试表明，添加剂的吸湿作用加速了表面反应，添加剂与Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２的湿混干燥物活性较纯Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２可提高１～２５倍；飞灰和Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２的水合物可使活性提高达５倍，利用飞灰增强钙基脱硫剂的活性是可能且有效的途径。     

The oxidation damage of type II collagen by oxy free radicals and fulvic acid

The features of oxidative damage to type II collagen from pig cartilage, induced by · OH, O2- and fulvic acid from epidemic district of KBD, were studied in vitro. The results from amino acid analysis of the damaged collagen are characterized by a decrease in hydroxyproline and proline contents, and an increase in glutamic acid content. The change arc dependent on·OH and FA concentration. It is postulated that the FA or other toxic xenobiotics induce the generation of free radicals, which play the role of the trigger in KBD development.     

不同离子在CCl_4引发自由基反应中的作用及其环境生物学意义

报道了一种简便的CCl_4 体外引发自由基反应的模型 ,以小鼠肝匀浆脂质过氧化产物丙二醛 (MDA)的OD_(53 2nm) 值(MDA OD_(53 2nm)作为测定自由基反应的间接指标 ,研究了Hg~(2 ) 、Mn~(2 ) 、Ni~(2 ) 、Cd~(2 ) 、Cr3 、SeO3 2 -等离子和As2 O3 水溶液在CCl4 引发自由基反应体系中的作用 .结果表明 :Mn2 能显著抑制自由基的生成 ,Cr3 有一定的抑制作用 ,而Hg2 对自由基产生有明显促进作用 ,其它离子的作用不明显 .就CCl4 与无机离子相互作用的环境生物学意义进行了探讨 .     

F-SnO2/GAC粒子电极的制备及其电催化性能

以颗粒活性炭（GAC）为载体,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了经F^-掺杂改性的F-SnO₂/GAC粒子电极.采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线能谱（EDS）、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、循环伏安曲线（CV）对粒子电极进行了表征.并以罗丹明B（RhB）为目标污染物,考察该粒子电极的电催化性能.结果表明：F-SnO₂纳米颗粒均匀分布在GAC的内外表面,且结晶完整;经F^-掺杂改性后的SnO₂活性组分能够增加反应体系中的转变电荷量,提高电催化活性.当RhB质量浓度为300mg/L、初始pH 3、槽电压为9V、处理30min时,在500℃下煅烧2h的10% F-SnO₂/GAC粒子电极对RhB的脱色率和COD去除率达到了97.6%和89.0%.运用电子自旋共振技术（ESR）确定了电催化过程主要是以羟基自由基（·OH）的间接氧化来实现对污染物的去除.     

LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3型钙钛矿活化过一硫酸盐降解AO7

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备LaCo_1-xM_xO₃（M=Cu、Fe、Mn）型钙钛矿并用来活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）降解偶氮染料AO7.选取效果最好的LaCo_0.5Cu_0.5O₃型钙钛矿为研究对象,考察了钙钛矿投加量、PMS浓度、pH和染料废水中常见Cl^-对LaCo_0.5Cu_0.5O₃/PMS体系降解AO7的影响,分析了体系的反应过程并考察了矿化能力.结果表明,LaCo_0.5Cu_0.5O₃可以有效活化PMS降解AO7,反应随着材料投加量和PMS浓度的增加而加快.在中性条件下反应速度最快,过酸过碱均会抑制反应的进行.在优化条件为LaCo_0.5Cu_0.5O₃投加量20mg/L、PMS浓度0.50mmol/L、AO7浓度0.05mmol/L时,AO7可在20min内完全降解.该反应主要发生在材料表面并且主要活性物种为·OH,对AO7具有优异的脱色能力和较好的矿化效果.     

双酚A在河口水中的光解动力学

为研究双酚A（BPA）在河口水中的光解动力学及水中重要溶解性组分对其光解的影响,在广西钦州大榄江连接茅尾海的河口水域采取水样,通过模拟日光实验研究了河口水中BPA的光解动力学,及河口水中的重要溶解性组分Cl^-,Br^-,溶解性有机质（DOM）,NO₃^-和HCO₃^-对BPA光解的影响.结果表明,河口水中BPA的光解速率常数k值比纯水中大,且上游水样中BPA的k值是下游水样的2.5倍.稳态光解实验表明DOM及其与卤素离子作用显著影响BPA的光解,虽然NO₃^-也影响BPA光解,但与DOM共存时,NO₃^-的影响不明显.自由基淬灭和竞争反应动力学实验发现激发三重态DOM（³DOM^*）和卤素自由基（HRS）是决定河口水样中BPA光降解的主要活性物种,且³DOM^*与BPA的反应活性（二级反应速率常数k_3DOM*,BPA=4.42×10⁸L/（mol·s）要高于HRS与BPA的反应活性（k_BPA,Cl·=2.11×10⁸L/（mol·s）,k_BPA,Cl2·-=8.5×10⁶L/（mol·s）.下游水样中高含量的卤素离子（292mmol/L）易淬灭³DOM^*产生反应活性较低的HRS,致使下游水体中BPA的光解速率低于上游水体.     

醇类对UV-Fenton体系羟基自由基淬灭效率的影响

设计了醇类对UV-Fenton体系羟基自由基（·OH）淬灭的对比实验,考察了均相和多相UV-Fenton体系中醇的种类和浓度对·OH淬灭效率的影响,采用荧光光谱法定量测定了醇淬灭条件下多相UV-Fenton体系·OH浓度的变化规律.结果表明,一元醇对·OH淬灭能力为叔丁醇 > 异丙醇 > 乙醇 > 正丙醇 > 正丁醇 > 甲醇;多元醇对·OH的淬灭能力随链长和羟基数量的增加而增强.其中,丙三醇对Fe₃O₄多相UV-Fenton体系中·OH的1段淬灭效率为86.7%,2段为61.7%;其对均相UV-Fenton体系中·OH的1段淬灭效率为79.6%,2段为65.6%.丙三醇在均相和多相UV-Fenton体系均能高效稳定地淬灭·OH,是一种新型的高效·OH淬灭剂.