硝酸根对有机磷光解释放磷酸根的影响

为了解硝酸根（NO₃^-）的光化学活性对水体中有机磷间接光解释放磷酸根过程的影响,采用室内模拟实验,研究了NO₃^-在草甘膦光解转化为磷酸根中的作用及NO₃^-浓度对该反应速度的影响,并以甲醇为羟基自由基（·OH）猝灭剂,印证了NO₃^-对富营养化湖泊水体中有机磷光解释放磷的作用.结果表明,在紫外光（UV）照射下,草甘膦可以直接光解转化为磷酸根,其磷酸根的释放量随着溶液初始pH和草甘膦浓度的增加而增大.加入NO₃^-处理,光照60min后,磷酸根的释放量由空白处理的0.05mg/L增加到了0.43mg/L.添加Fe³⁺可促进这一过程,而添加腐殖酸（HA）和碳酸氢根（HCO₃^-）则可以显著抑制磷酸根的释放.在湖泊水体中,添加草甘膦,磷酸根的释放量显著高于空白,而增加湖水中NO₃^-浓度时,磷酸根的释放量则进一步增大.在湖水/草甘膦/NO₃^-体系中添加·OH猝灭剂甲醇后,磷酸根的释放量显著降低.可见在紫外光条件下,NO₃^-的光化学作用对有机磷释放磷酸根过程具有重要影响.     

Effects of cucl2 on UV‐mutagenesis and on DNA damage in a restriction fragment of E. Coli gpt∗

CuCl₂ does not cause Trp⁺ reversion in E. coli WP2. However, when the bacteria are exposed to CuCl₂ and UV‐irradiated, a greater than 3‐fold enhancement of mutagenesis (compared to UV alone) is seen at 30 μMCuCl₂, and significant enhancement is seen even at 3 μM. The mechanism for this comutagenic effect was studied using a restriction fragment of the E. coli gpt gene. Whereas UV or CuCl₂ alone caused few strand breaks, UV + CuCl₂ induced breaks at every site. This reaction was blocked by KI, a free radical scavenger. While UV alone induced alkali‐labile sites, UV+ CuCl₂ induced many more such sites and altered the sequence specificity. We suggest that at least some of the comutagenic effect might be due to hydroxyl radical formed via a Fenton reaction.     

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1异化还原Fe(III)介导的As(III)氧化转化

在实验室模拟条件下,研究了Shewanella oneidensis MR-1作用下Fe(III)还原和As(III)氧化动力学及其影响因素.结果表明,Fe(III)被还原为Fe(II)的同时伴随着As(III)氧化为As(V);S. oneidensis MR-1 在含低浓度As(III)培养基上生长良好,在高浓度培养基上生长被抑制;As(III)通过制约菌体的生长与活性来抑制Fe(III)异化还原.同样,适量浓度的Fe(III)含量对As(III)氧化转化有很强的促进作用,但是过高浓度的Fe(III)浓度使得溶液中产生过多的Fe(II),从而对As(III)氧化转化有一定程度的抑制作用.此外,弱碱环境更有利于As(III)氧化转化.     

Synthesis of porous iron hydroxy phosphate from phosphate residue and its application as a Fenton-like catalyst for dye degradation

Phosphate residue is a kind of hazardous solid waste and if not properly disposed of, could cause serious environmental contaminations. The abundant iron salt available in phosphate residue can be used to prepare photo-Fenton catalytic reagent for wastewater treatment. In this study, the phosphate residue was effectively purified by a hydrothermal recrystallization method, reaching an iron phosphate purity of 94.2%. The particles of iron phosphate were further processed with ball milling with th...     

Comparative study of degradation of toluene and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) in aqueous solution by pulsed corona discharge plasma

Effectiveness of pulsed power plasma for the degradation of two toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), toluene and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), in aqueous solution was evaluated. The plasma degradation of MIBK has been studied for the first time. The influence of initial concentration of target compound, solution pH and scavengers on percentage degradation was evaluated. 100% removal of 200 mg/L of toluene and MIBK was achieved both in liquid and gaseous phases after 12 and 16 min of plasma treatment, respectively. The first order rate constant of toluene and MIBK degradation (for 200 mg/L each) was 0.421 and 0.319 min^?1 respectively when they were treated individually, and these values decreased slightly during degradation of their mixture. MIBK degradation was slower than toluene and it might be due to semi volatile and hydrophilic nature of MIBK. The effect of initial concentration of toluene and MIBK showed different degradation patterns. Highest degradation of both the compounds was obtained in neutral pH and in absence of scavengers. ?OH radical was the major reactive species involved in their degradation. Their degradation in real environmental matrices showed that removal reduced significantly in secondary effluent due to scavenging of reactive species by various ions and organic matter. The total number of degradation intermediates identified in case of toluene and MIBK was 11 and 14 respectively and formate was the one recalcitrant byproduct generated. The degradation pathway of toluene and MIBK involving reactions of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and reductive species is proposed.     

Aqueous free radical chemistry of mercury in the presence of iron oxides and ambient aerosol

The effect of goethite (α-FeOOH), hematite (α-Fe₂0₃) and maghemite (γ-Fe₂0₃) on the aqueous photoreduction of divalent mercury with organic acids (oxalate, formate and acetate) is investigated. Laboratory photochemistry experiments with synthetic iron oxides and simulated sunlight were performed to assess the role of the oxides on the photoreduction. Ambient aerosol was also collected and introduced as the solid phase to compare its effect with that of synthetic oxides. It is observed that the presence of various iron oxides or aerosol particles enhances the photoreduction. It is also found that the hydroxyl radicals produced in the hematite-oxalate systems can re-oxidize the reduced mercury back to Hg(II). Based on the experimental observations, mechanisms responsible for the Hg(II) reduction are proposed. The kinetics of Hg⁰ oxidation by hydroxyl radicals was also studied by a steady-state kinetic technique using nitrate photolysis as the * OH radical source. The second-order rate constant is determined to be 2.0 × 10⁹ M⁻ s⁻¹. The implications of the studied reactions on the atmospheric chemistry of mercury are discussed.     

Modification of cloud condensation nucleus activity of organic aerosols by hydroxyl radical heterogeneous oxidation

The modification of cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) activity of saturated organic particles resulting from heterogeneous oxidation by OH radicals was studied. Submicron Bis-2-ethylhexyl sebacate (BES) and stearic acid particles were exposed to OH radicals in a reactor flow tube and CCN activity was monitored. The hygroscopicity parameter, κ, for monodisperse stearic acid and BES particles of 145–150 nm in size increased from <0.008 up to 0.08 as a result of OH exposures equivalent to atmospheric exposure timescales of several days to a week. The oxidation of stearic acid particles led to a 50% reduction in particle volume at high OH exposures, indicating an enhanced degree of volatilization of oxidation products compared to oxidized BES particles, along with possible shape/phase change. Surface tension measurements of water extracts of oxidized BES films showed a significant reduction in surface tension due to oxidation. Köhler calculations modeling the CCN measurements suggest that the surface active oxidation products play an important role.     

Light-induced variation in environmentally persistent free radicals and the generation of reactive radical species in humic substances

• Light irradiation increased the concentration of free radicals on HS. • The increased spin densities on HS readily returned back to the original value. • The “unstable” free radicals induced the formation of reactive radical species. • Reactive radicals’ concentration correlated strongly with EPFRs’ concentration. Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in humic substances play an essential role in soil geochemical processes. Light is known to induce EPFRs formation for dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments; however, the impacts of light irradiation on the variation of EPFRs in soil humic substances remain unclear. In this study, humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin were extracted from peat soil and then in situ irradiated using simulated sunlight. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy results showed that with the increasing irradiation time, the spin densities and g-factors of humic substances rapidly increased during the initial 20 min and then gradually reached a plateau. After irradiation for 2h, the maximum spin density levels were up to 1.63 × 10¹⁷, 2.06 × 10¹⁷, and 1.77 × 10¹⁷ spins/g for the humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin, respectively. And the superoxide radicals increased to 1.05 × 10¹⁴–1.46 × 10¹⁴ spins/g while the alkyl radicals increased to 0.47 × 10¹⁴–1.76 × 10¹⁴ spins/g. The light-induced EPFRs were relatively unstable and readily returned back to their original state under dark and oxic conditions. Significant positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of EPFRs and reactive radical species (R² = 0.65–0.98, p<0.05), which suggested that the newly produced EPFRs contributed to the formation of reactive radical species. Our findings indicate that under the irradiation humic substances are likely to be more toxic and reactive in soil due to the formation of EPFRs.     

Fe2+活化过硫酸钠降解1,2-二氯苯

以Na2S2O8为氧化剂,柠檬酸螯合Fe2+为活化剂,对水中1,2-二氯苯进行处理。首先研究了Na2S2O8浓度、FeSO4浓度、柠檬酸浓度及初始pH值等因素对1,2-二氯苯降解的影响;然后通过正交实验,发现在Na2S2O8浓度14.28 mmol/L、FeSO4浓度7.14 mmol/L、柠檬酸浓度3.57 mmol/L、初始pH值3.0的条件,1,2-二氯苯降解率达到最大(99.28%)。进一步研究表明,柠檬酸螯合FeSO4活化Na2S2O8降解1,2-二氯苯的过程可分为2个阶段,其中第1阶段为快速反应,第2阶段反应速度较慢并且符合一级反应动力学规律。     

生活污水正交混凝沉淀实验研究

通过烧杯正交混凝沉淀实验,用混凝剂聚合氯化铝（PAC）与助剂聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）和石灰乳（Ca（OH）2）复配对某生活污水进行混凝处理,考察了PAC投加量、PAM投加量和Ca（OH）2投加量三因素对混凝效果的影响。研究结果表明：PAC投加量为50mg／L,PAM投加量为lmg／L,Ca（OH）2投加量为4mg／L时,对废水处理得到较为满意的效果。1P去除率和浊度去除率均达90％以上,COD去除率在60％以上。此为旋流微絮凝-深床过滤组合新工艺中药剂的投加提供了一定的依据。