Characterization of a new smog chamber for evaluating SAPRC gas-phase chemical mechanism

A new state-of-the-art indoor smog chamber facility (CAPS-ZJU) has been constructed and characterized at Zhejiang University, which is designed for chemical mechanism evaluation under well-controlled conditions. A series of characterization experiments were performed to validate the well-established experimental protocols, including temperature variation pattern, light spectrum and equivalent intensity (J_NO2), injection and mixing performance, as well as gases and particle wall loss. In addition, based on some characterization experiments, the auxiliary wall mechanism has been setup and examined. Fifty chamber experiments were performed across a broad range of experimental scenarios, and we demonstrated the ability to utilize these chamber data for evaluating SAPRC chemical mechanism. It was found that the SAPRC-11 can well predict the O₃ formation and NO oxidation for almost all propene runs, with 6 hr Δ(O₃ – NO) model error of –3% ± 7%, while the final O₃ was underestimated by ~20% for isoprene experiments. As for toluene and p-xylene experiments, it was confirmed that SAPRC-11 has significant improvement on aromatic chemistry than earlier version of SAPRC-07, although the aromatic decay rate was still underestimated to some extent. The model sensitivity test has been carried out, and the most sensitive parameters identified are the initial concentrations of reactants and the light intensity as well as HONO offgasing rate and O₃ wall loss rate. All of which demonstrated that CAPS-ZJU smog chamber could derive high quality experimental data, and could provide insights on chamber studies and chemical mechanism development.     

Exploring the formation potential and optical properties of secondary organic aerosol from the photooxidation of selected short aliphatic ethers

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential for six kinds of short aliphatic ethers has been studied. The size distribution, mass concentration, and yield of SOA formed by ethers photooxidation were determined under different conditions. The results showed that all six ethers can generate SOA via reaction with OH radicals even under no seed and NO_x-free condition. The mass concentration for six seedless experiments was less than 10 µg/m³ and the SOA yields were all below 1%. The strong increase in the SOA formation was observed when the system contained ammonium sulfate seed particles, while SOA yield decreased under the high-NO_x condition. SOA composition was analyzed using offline methods. Infrared spectra indicated that there are complex components in the particle-phase including carbonyls acid and aldehydes species. Moreover, the aqueous filter extracts were analyzed using ultraviolet-visible spectrometer and fluorescence spectrophotometer. For the fresh methyl n-butyl ether SOA, the largest absorption peak occurs at 280 nm and there exists slightly absorption in the 300–400 nm. Excitation-emission matrices display the distinct peak at excitation/emission = 470 nm/480 nm according to the fluorescence spectrum. These findings are important considerations of formation for ether SOA that can eventually be included in atmospheric models.     

香港近海海域叶绿素a定量反演及时空变化分析

以2009~2019年HJ-1A/B卫星多光谱数据和对应日期的实测数据为数据源,通过预处理提取出各波段组合反射率并与实测叶绿素a浓度数据进行统计相关性分析,选取相关性最高的波段组合作为特征变量与2/3的实测叶绿素a浓度数据进行建模,并用剩下的1/3实测叶绿素a浓度数据进行精度验证以确定最佳遥感反演模型,最后根据最佳反演模型对2009-2019年的香港近海海域叶绿素a浓度进行反演,明晰该海域近10年的叶绿素a浓度时空变化特征.结果表明：利用HJ-1A/B卫星多光谱数据反演香港近海海域叶绿素a浓度的最佳波段组合为第3波段和第2波段比值（B3/B2）,相关系数（r）为0.893;最佳反演模型为利用B3/B2构建的e指数回归模型（Chl=0.004e^6.693(B3/B2)）,决定系数（R²）为0.934,均方根误差（RMSE）为0.255μg/L,平均相对误差（RPD）为25%;近10年香港近海海域的叶绿素a浓度时空变化特征：空间上整体呈现“东高西低,由东向西逐渐减小”的分布特征,西部海域比东部海域平均浓度低5μg/L左右;2017年内呈“春低秋高,夏升冬降”的随季节变化特点,其中秋季最高,夏春两季次之,冬季最低.     

基于灰色系统理论的济南市建筑废物产量预测

首先以建筑面积核算法对济南市2000~2017年建筑废物产量进行了估算,然后以估算值作为原始数据,建立了灰色GM（1,1）预测模型.最后对未来5a济南市建筑废物产量进行了预测.经验证,模型精度等级达到优秀级.结果表明,灰色GM（1,1）预测模型可以准确地预测济南市建筑废物的年产量,预测表明济南市建筑废物平均产量将从2018年的860万t,增加到2022年的1000万t.     

基于GF1_WFV的千岛湖水体叶绿素a浓度时空变化

基于高分一号（GF-1）遥感影像以及水体实测样点数据,运用波段对数组合,以千岛湖为研究对象,构建和择优了叶绿素a浓度反演模型,对2013~2019年千岛湖区域水体叶绿素a浓度值进行了估算,并利用变异系数、Mann-Kendall显著性检验模型、Theil-Sen趋势分析模型对其时空变化特征进行了分析.研究表明,基于波段对数组合的反演模型可用于千岛湖清洁水体叶绿素a浓度值的反演（R²=0.8976）;年际变化分析发现,在研究期限内,千岛湖水体叶绿素a浓度平均值维持在较低水平,近94%的水体像元叶绿素a浓度小于3.65μg/L,水质较佳;时空动态分析进一步发现,千岛湖水体叶绿素a浓度值大都经历了较为微小的波动变化,其中,有超过67%的水体像元浓度值呈现出微小的增长趋势,在分布上也呈现出一定的空间格局形态.     

明渠中有机质微粒沉降过程的随机游走模拟

基于明渠流动的主要特点,考虑紊动强度的垂向非均匀性,及颗粒运动的游荡效应（loitering effect）影响,对微粒运动基本方程进行改进,建立了明渠非均匀紊流中考虑游荡效应的随机游走模型,对明渠中微粒的沉降损失进行了模拟分析.模拟结果显示,不考虑游荡效应影响时,明渠中微粒的沉降损失率可用微粒沉速与水深之比计算;而在游荡效应影响下,微粒沉降损失率会发生约18%~27%的下降,下降百分比与均匀紊流中微粒沉速在游荡效应影响下的折减百分比渐近值（19~25%）基本一致.本文结论基于不考虑微粒重悬浮、游荡效应为紊流对微粒沉降的主导影响机理等前提,主要适用于对明渠中细小有机质微粒沉降至床底过程更准确的计算分析.     

城市污水厂MCR-1基因及其携带菌的污染

研究了南京某城市污水处理厂MCR-1基因及其携带菌的污染特征,从MCR-1的分布特征、影响因素及MCR-1携带菌的耐药特征等方面综合评价.结果发现MCR-1随处理流程丰度下降,去除率达83.6%,但其相对丰度在出水中显著升高,剩余污泥中含有高浓度MCR-1,浓度达2.88×10¹²copies/L.粘菌素耐药菌同样沿处理流程逐渐降低,出水降至53CFU/mL,去除率达99.98%,但在剩余污泥中浓度高达2.04×10⁵CFU/mL.相关性分析发现MCR-1丰度与氨氮含量呈正相关,而相对丰度与COD、总氮和硝酸盐含量呈负相关.耐药特征分析表明曝气池（CAST、MSBR）和曝气生物流化池（ABFT）中MCR-1携带菌可耐受较高浓度粘菌素,且污水处理使MCR-1携带菌对粘菌素的耐受能力提高.表明污水处理流程不但无法完全去除MCR-1及其携带菌,且导致耐药性风险提高.本研究可为评价污水中以MCR-1为代表的超级抗性基因的环境风险提供参考.     

HRT对CO2-MBfR去除高SO42-废水中NO3--N的影响

针对含NO₃^--N与较高浓度SO₄^2-实际工业废水处理较难的问题,考察了不同水力停留时间（HRT）下连续运行的CO₂-氢基质膜生物膜反应器（CO₂-MBfR）处理模拟废水和实际工业废水的性能,结果表明,2种废水的出水NO₃^--N浓度均随着HRT的减小而增大,模拟废水中NO₃^--N的处理效果和电子通量分配比例均优于实际废水,但其电子通量分配的格局基本不变：NO₃^--N和SO₄^2-的电子通量分别在90.09%~97.49%和2.51%~9.91%左右.要实现实际废水总氮达到15mg/L的排放标准,需维持HRT不少于10.4h.     

复合有机污染物在含水层介质表面的吸附性能

为明确氯代烃芳香烃类复合污染物在含水层介质上的吸附特性,选取甲苯、苯、1,2-二氯丙烷,1,2,3-三氯丙烷（TCP）作为典型污染物开展吸附试验,结果表明吸附过程符合Henry线性模型,分配系数K_p值分别为0.38,0.41,0.73,1.00kg/L,污染物在细砂上的吸附强度顺序为甲苯>苯> 1,2-二氯丙烷> TCP;竞争吸附试验结果表明,苯可以明显促进甲苯在细砂介质上的吸附,而甲苯抑制了苯的吸附;1,2-二氯丙烷抑制TCP在细砂介质上的吸附,而TCP对1,2-二氯丙烷的吸附影响并不明显.TCP在含水层介质上的吸附量随甲苯浓度增加而增大;当甲苯初始浓度<2mg/L时,TCP对于甲苯在含水层介质上的吸附起促进作用,当甲苯的初始浓度³2mg/L时,TCP对于其在含水层介质上的吸附起抑制作用.     

基于粒子群优化的DGM（1,1）模型在基坑变形安全预测中的研究

为确保基坑施工期间发生变形后能够正常使用,将变权缓冲算子结合DGM(1,1)模型构造出变权离散灰色模型,利用相对误差、后验差比,灰色绝对关联度3种精度检验法作为粒子群算法适应度建立模型,构造PSO-VWDGM(1,1)模型,并结合实际工程监测数据研究不同适应度对基坑变形预测精度的影响。研究结果表明:不同适应度函数对预测精度存在较大影响,以灰色绝对关联度作为适应度建立模型预测精度较高,可以更好应用在工程中。研究成果可为工程施工阶段的基坑变形预测、稳定性分析与灾害评估、预警提供参考。