Mann-Kendall检验及其在河流悬沙浓度时间序列分析中的运用

探讨了Mann-Kendall非参数秩次相关检验在时间序列分析方面的应用,并以云南省文山州盘龙河为例,把它运用到河流悬沙浓度时间序列的趋势分析和突变分析研究中。结果表明：①M-K检验同样适用于河流悬沙浓度的趋势与突变分析;②盘龙河自20世纪60年代初至90年代末河流悬沙浓度一直表现为波动上升趋势,1999年后有下降的迹象;③盘龙河的河流悬沙浓度自20世纪60年代以来存在着两个明显的突变点,其一在1973年,其二在1999年。     

盐分对一株硫氧化细菌氧化能力的影响

通过液体选择培养基、平板划线的方法从脱硫污泥中分离筛选出一株硫氧化细菌,并对其进行初步鉴定和生长特性的分析。结果表明,该细菌为化能自养型细菌,短杆状,大小为0.5~0.8 μm × 1.2~3.0 μm,革兰氏染色显阴性。以5%的接种量接种于富集培养基,S2-初始浓度为100 mg/L时,SOB在60 h内基本将还原态硫氧化完全,pH最低降到2左右。当溶液中有SO42-量积累和电导率升高后,对SOB氧化S2O32-过程有明显的抑制作用。该菌株对盐分的耐受值为7 650 μS/cm(以电导率计)。     

燃煤电厂的可吸入颗粒物排放

简要分析了燃煤过程中可吸入颗粒物的形成机理,指出燃煤电厂对可吸入颗粒物的贡献及目前控制可吸入颗粒物排放措施的局限性,提出电厂在脱硫的同时应控制可吸入颗粒物等污染物的排放。     

应用灰色系统理论预测土壤酸化趋势

本文以各组分组成的土壤酸中和容量动态变化作为指标,用灰色系统控制理论对酸雨引起南方土壤的酸化趋势进行定量的预测分析。     

强化二氧化钛光催化氧化技术的研究进展

光催化氧化技术被认为是在环境保护领域内一项有前途的新型高级氧化技术,其他污染治理技术强化光催化氧化成为污水处理和废气净化的一个研究热点。介绍了国内外其他污染治理技术——化学法、物理化学法、生物法强化二氧化钛光催化氧化技术的研究和应用现状,分析了这些技术的强化光催化氧化机理,并对其今后的发展前景进行了展望。     

N—N—二（1—甲基—庚基）乙酰胺萃取苯酚的动力学研究

用恒界面池法研究了Ｎ,Ｎ－二（１－甲基－庚基）乙酰胺（ＤＭＨＡＡ,Ｎ５０３）萃取苯酚的动力学,试验表明,萃取速率随水相苯酚浓度,有机相Ｎ５０３浓度的提高而增加,当水相ｐＨ值≥１０．５时,萃取速度明显下降,萃取反应的表观活化能为１４．３ｋＪ·ｍｏｌ＾－１,萃取过程属扩散控制,水相中萃酚向两相界面的扩散是萃取速度的控制步骤。     

The effectiveness of surrogate taxa to conserve freshwater biodiversity

Establishing protected areas has long been an effective conservation strategy and is often based on readily surveyed species. The potential of any freshwater taxa to be a surrogate for other aquatic groups has not been explored fully. We compiled occurrence data on 72 species of freshwater fishes, amphibians, mussels, and aquatic reptiles for the Great Plains, Wyoming (U.S.A.). We used hierarchical Bayesian multispecies mixture models and MaxEnt models to describe species’ distributions and the program Zonation to identify areas of conservation priority for each aquatic group. The landscape‐scale factors that best characterized aquatic species’ distributions differed among groups. There was low agreement and congruence among taxa‐specific conservation priorities (<20%), meaning no surrogate priority areas would include or protect the best habitats of other aquatic taxa. Common, wideranging aquatic species were included in taxa‐specific priority areas, but rare freshwater species were not included. Thus, the development of conservation priorities based on a single freshwater aquatic group would not protect all species in the other aquatic groups.     

Scaling range sizes to threats for robust predictions of risks to biodiversity

Assessments of risk to biodiversity often rely on spatial distributions of species and ecosystems. Range‐size metrics used extensively in these assessments, such as area of occupancy (AOO), are sensitive to measurement scale, prompting proposals to measure them at finer scales or at different scales based on the shape of the distribution or ecological characteristics of the biota. Despite its dominant role in red‐list assessments for decades, appropriate spatial scales of AOO for predicting risks of species’ extinction or ecosystem collapse remain untested and contentious. There are no quantitative evaluations of the scale‐sensitivity of AOO as a predictor of risks, the relationship between optimal AOO scale and threat scale, or the effect of grid uncertainty. We used stochastic simulation models to explore risks to ecosystems and species with clustered, dispersed, and linear distribution patterns subject to regimes of threat events with different frequency and spatial extent. Area of occupancy was an accurate predictor of risk (0.81<|r|<0.98) and performed optimally when measured with grid cells 0.1–1.0 times the largest plausible area threatened by an event. Contrary to previous assertions, estimates of AOO at these relatively coarse scales were better predictors of risk than finer‐scale estimates of AOO (e.g., when measurement cells are <1% of the area of the largest threat). The optimal scale depended on the spatial scales of threats more than the shape or size of biotic distributions. Although we found appreciable potential for grid‐measurement errors, current IUCN guidelines for estimating AOO neutralize geometric uncertainty and incorporate effective scaling procedures for assessing risks posed by landscape‐scale threats to species and ecosystems.     

Perceived barriers to and drivers of community participation in protected‐area governance

Protected areas (PAs) are a frequently used conservation strategy, yet their socioeconomic impacts on local communities remain contentious. A shift toward increased participation by local communities in PA governance seeks to deliver benefits for human well‐being and biodiversity. Although participation is considered critical to the success of PAs, few researchers have investigated individuals’ decisions to participate and what this means for how local people experience the costs and benefits of conservation. We explored who participates in PA governance associations and why; the perceived benefits and costs to participation; and how costs and benefits are distributed within and between communities. Methods included 3 focus groups, 37 interviews, and 217 questionnaire surveys conducted in 3 communities and other stakeholders (e.g., employees of a nongovernmental organization and government officials) in PA governance in Madagascar. Our study design was grounded in the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the most commonly applied behavior model in social psychology. Participation in PA governance was limited by miscommunication and lack of knowledge about who could get involved and how. Respondents perceived limited benefits and high costs and uneven distribution of these within and between communities. Men, poorer households, and people in remote villages reported the highest costs. Our findings illustrate challenges related to comanagement of PAs: understanding the heterogeneous nature of communities; ensuring all households are represented in governance participation; understanding differences in the meaning of forest protection; and targeting interventions to reach households most in need to avoid elite capture.     

Exceptional responders in conservation

Conservation operates within complex systems with incomplete knowledge of the system and the interventions utilized. This frequently results in the inability to find generally applicable methods to alleviate threats to Earth's vanishing wildlife. One approach used in medicine and the social sciences has been to develop a deeper understanding of positive outliers. Where such outliers share similar characteristics, they may be considered exceptional responders. We devised a 4‐step framework for identifying exceptional responders in conservation: identification of the study system, identification of the response structure, identification of the threshold for exceptionalism, and identification of commonalities among outliers. Evaluation of exceptional responders provides additional information that is often ignored in randomized controlled trials and before–after control‐intervention experiments. Interrogating the contextual factors that contribute to an exceptional outcome allow exceptional responders to become valuable pieces of information leading to unexpected discoveries and novel hypotheses.