220kV拟建输变电工程环境影响评价分析

随着电网规模的不断扩大,220 k V电压等级的输变电网络将越来越多地介入人们的日常生活,如何对民众关心的220 k V输变电工程进行客观的环境影响评价分析成为越来越重要的实际问题。以某拟建220 k V输变电工程环境影响评价为例,介绍了评价因子尤其是电磁环境的现状监测、类比监测及模式预测综合分析,深入分析了该拟建输变电工程环境影响评价全过程,对输变电工程环境影响评价工作具有一定的指导意义。     

Comparision of China’s volatile organic compound pollution management: a computable general equilibrium approach

The public health and ecological impacts of volatile organic compound (VOCs) pollution have become a serious problem in China, arousing increasing attention to emissions control. In this context, this paper analyses the effectiveness of VOC reduction policies, namely pollution charges and environmental taxes at the national and industrial sector levels. It uses a computable general equilibrium model, which connects macroeconomic variables with VOC emissions inventory, to simulate the effects of policy scenarios (with 2007 as the reference year). This paper shows that VOC emissions are reduced by 2.2% when a pollution charge equal to the average cost of engineering reduction methods – the traditional approach to regulation in China – is applied. In order to achieve a similar reduction, an 8.9% indirect tax would have to be imposed. It concludes that an environmental tax should be the preferred method of VOC regulation due to its smaller footprint on the macroeconomy. Other policies, such as subsidies, should be used as supplements.     

纳米二氧化钛可见光催化的研究进展

TiO2纳米材料是目前研究最为广泛的光催化纳米材料之一。但TiO2通常只在紫外光下具有光催化活性,严重影响了它的实际应用范围。光敏化作用以及配合物-金属电子转移等途径可将TiO2的光响应范围拓展到可见光区域,成为TiO2光催化领域的研究热点。综述了近年来光敏化作用和配合物-金属电子转移等方法在TiO2可见光催化领域的研究进展,旨在为今后进一步扩大TiO2的实际应用提出新的研究方向。     

OECD国家经验对我国排污收费制度的启示

我国现行排污收费制度虽发挥了筹集污染治理经费的功能,但未能达到促进污染物减排的功效。针对这一问题,借鉴OECD国家经验,提出国内应将排污收费标准提高至不低于治理成本;同时需根据成本的有效性确定收费对象。     

胶态水合二氧化锰絮凝粒子的结构形貌及其混凝机理

采用透射电镜技术观察了胶态水合二氧化锰絮凝粒子的结构形貌并采用Zeta电位测定仪对粒子的荷电特征进行了研究;利用红外光谱、XRD等技术对粒子的界面性质进行了表征;通过混凝试验考察了KMnO₄ 还原法制备的水合二氧化锰胶体对原水的混凝性能并探讨了混凝机理.结果表明,胶态水合二氧化锰粒子在去离子水和原水中荷负电,在去离子水中,粒子直径为10　nm并形成网状结构,有利于发挥吸附架桥作用;粒子具有丰富的表面羟基,比表面积为151.422　m²/g,为δ-MnO₂,表现出优良的吸附污染物的界面特性;较低投量的胶态水合二氧化锰表现出对原水的优良混凝效能和去除有机微污染的效能.     

Adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide

Sodium pyrophosphate （pyro-P, Na4P2OT）, sodium tripolyphosphate （tripoly-P, Na3P3O10）, and sodium hexametaphosphate （meta-P, （NaPO3）6） were selected as the model compounds of condensed phosphate to investigate the adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide. The adsorption was found to be endothermic and divisible into two stages： （1） fast adsorption within 1 h; and （2） slow adsorption between 1 and 24 h. The modified Freundlich model simulated the fast adsorption stage well; the slow adsorption stage was described well by the first-order kinetics. The activation energies of pyro-P, tripoly-P, and meta-P adsorption on aluminum hydroxide were determined to be 20.2, 22.8 and 10.9 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the fast adsorption stage and to be 66.3, 53.5 and 72.5 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the slow adsorption stage. The adsorption increased the negative charge of the aluminum hydroxide surface. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis analyses provided evidence that the adsorption was not uniform on the surface and that the small crystals contributed more to the fast adsorption than the normal sites did. The results from X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests also revealed the uneven adsorption of condensed phosphate as a function of the penetration depth. More condensed phosphates were adsorbed on the outer surface of aluminum hydroxide than in its inner parts.     

含硫污水罐顶恶臭气体治理的研究

介绍污水汽提（一）装置原料污水罐罐顶臭气源的情况，臭气治理方法的选择，降膜吸收工艺技术的反应机理、工艺流程及该装置应用此项技术的治理效果。讨论了恶臭气体流量、浓度的变化对处理过程的影响，吸收剂的循环量对吸收效果的影响，温度对恶臭气体流量和浓度的影响，分析了触变型催化氧化的情况。采用降膜吸收工艺技术后，该装置对H2S、NH3及甲硫醇、乙硫醚等非常恶臭的气体去除率分别为99．98％、96％、96％和96％。     

跌落/撞击载荷下装药结构的安全性评估方法

目的 提出装药结构在跌落/撞击事故条件下安全性的定量评估方法.方法 针对装药结构跌落/撞击条件下含能部件非冲击点火存在的不确定性大、缺乏可供工程应用的点火判据等问题,采用基于数理统计思想的定量评估思路,建立"3类试验+1种方法"的安全性评估体系,并提出试验设计、方法选取和评估实施的方法及要求,可供工程应用.结果 采用该方法,开展了某装药结构跌落安全性的定量评估,通过标准试验探索获得了特定约束下的起爆阈值范围,通过设计并开展多发能包络整体级响应的构型试验,获得的实验数据可作为评估的样本数据.采用单侧置信下限方法进行了定量评估,获得了安全度为0.99999(置信度0.9)的定量评估结果.结论 该方法可实现对武器装备、航天发动机跌落/撞击条件下安全性的定量评估,但该方法仅适用于装药结构具有足够安全裕度的情况.     

The market-incentive recycling system for waste packaging containers in Taiwan

This paper presents a new market-incentive (MI) system to recycle waste-packaging containers in Taiwan. Since most used packaging containers have no or insufficient market value, the government imposes a combined product charge and subsidy policy to provide enough economic incentive for recycling various kinds of packaging containers, such as iron, aluminum, paper, glass and plastic. Empirical results show that the new MI approach has stimulated and established the recycling market for waste-packaging containers. The new recycling system has provided 18,356 employment opportunities and generated NT$ 6.97 billion in real-production value and NT$ 3.18 billion in real GDP during the 1998 survey year. Cost-effectiveness analysis constitutes the theoretical foundation of the new scheme, whereas data used to compute empirical product charge are from two sources: marketing surveys of internal conventional costs of solid-waste collection, disposal and recycling in Taiwan, and benefit transfer of external environmental costs in the United States. The new recycling policy designed by the authors provides a reasonable solution for solid-waste management in a country with limited land resources such as Taiwan.     

排污费制度改革对煤矿的影响及其对策

在介绍国家新的排污收费制度及其重大变化的基础上，论述了其对煤矿的影响，探讨了煤矿应采取的对策问题。