废弃物施加对福州平原稻田土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响

为了阐明废弃物施加对稻田土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响,以福州平原稻田为研究对象,对对照、石膏、贝壳、生物炭和炉渣5种处理样地0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm土层土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性,包括0.25 mm团聚体含量(DR0.25)、平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(D)进行了测定和分析.结果表明,与对照样地相比,石膏、贝壳、生物炭和炉渣施加后均增加了土壤团聚体DR0.25、MWD和GMD值,其中,石膏施加后土壤团聚体DR0.25、MWD和GMD值分别增加了12.76%、12.13%和12.17%,贝壳施加后分别增加了32.65%、31.83%和33.86%,生物炭施加后分别增加了12.07%、9.32%和11.70%,炉渣施加后分别增加了19.70%、13.59%和18.10%,但与对照样地相比,石膏、贝壳、生物炭和炉渣施加后土壤团聚体分形维数均表现为减小的趋势,分别减小了4.02%、11.65%、4.37%、9.29%.从土壤团聚体DR0.25、MWD、GMD值和分形维数的变化特征来看,石膏、贝壳、生物炭和炉渣施加均提高了土壤团聚体的稳定性.     

Integrating Temporal Inequality into Conservation Planning to Improve Practice Design and Efficacy

In contrast to spatial inequality, there are currently no methods for leveraging information on temporal inequality to improve conservation efficacy. The objective of this study was to use Lorenz curves to quantify temporal inequality in surface runoff and tile drainage, identify controls on nutrient loading in these flowpaths, and develop design flows for structural conservation practices. Surface runoff (n = 94 site‐years) and tile drainage (n = 90 site‐years) were monitored on 40 fields in Ohio. Results showed, on average, 80% of nitrate‐nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus (P), and total P loads occurred between 7 and 12 days per year in surface runoff and between 32 and 58 days per year in tile drainage. Similar temporal inequality between discharge and load provided evidence that loading was transport‐limited and highlighted the critical role hydrologic connectivity plays in nutrient delivery from tile‐drained fields. Design flow criterion for sizing structural practices based on load reduction goals was developed by combining Lorenz curves and flow duration curves. Comparing temporal inequality between fields and the Maumee River, the largest tributary to the western Lake Erie Basin, revealed challenges associated with achieving watershed load reduction goals with field‐scale conservation. In‐field (i.e., improved nutrient and water management), edge‐of‐field (i.e., structural practices), and instream practices will all be required to meet nutrient reduction goals from tile‐drained watersheds.     

Assessment of Physical Load at Work Sites: A Finnish–German Concept

The aim of this article is to introduce a set of work physiology methods for the assessment of physical load at the work site and to consider (a) their relevance for different types of muscular work, and (b) their feasibility for occupational health and safety practitioners. The results of an ergonomic intervention study for the reduction of workload associated with various manual materials handling tasks were used for the evaluation of the feasibility and sensitivity of the measurements of heart rate, the Edholm and OWAS methods, and the ratings of overall and local perceived exertion. The methods proved feasible, although time consuming, and their sensitivity for the quantification of small changes in physical workload was limited. Despite these shortcomings, these methods can be used by occupational health and safety practitioners when their strategy and data collection techniques are developed further. In conclusion, there are relevant and feasible methods fora reliable work-site assessment of cardiorespiratory and postural load related to the activation of large muscle masses. On the other hand, field methods for the quantification of local static workload and repetitive type of workload with small muscle masses are scarce.     

微直流电场对大肠杆菌生长代谢活性的作用

对大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli,DH5α）培养液在连续培养时分别通入不同强度的直流电场,研究了其在持续直流电刺激下的生长曲线、pH曲线、ATP酶活性、胞内总蛋白含量、细胞膜通透性以及细菌微观形态变化.结果表明,适宜的直流电能够促进大肠杆菌增殖;大肠杆菌的ATP酶活在25 mA电流作用下在对数生长前期、对数...     

Dispersibility of crude oil in fresh water

The effects of surfactant composition on the ability of chemical dispersants to disperse crude oil in fresh water were investigated. The objective of this research was to determine whether effective fresh water dispersants can be designed in case this technology is ever considered for use in fresh water environments. Previous studies on the chemical dispersion of crude oil in fresh water neither identified the dispersants that were investigated nor described the chemistry of the surfactants used. This information is necessary for developing a more fundamental understanding of chemical dispersion of crude oil at low salinity. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between surfactant chemistry and dispersion effectiveness. We found that dispersants can be designed to drive an oil slick into the freshwater column with the same efficiency as in salt water as long as the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance is optimum.     

Elemental and spectroscopic characterization of fractions of an acidic extract of oil sands process water

‘Naphthenic acids’ (NAs) in petroleum produced water and oil sands process water (OSPW), have been implicated in toxicological effects. However, many are not well characterized. A method for fractionation of NAs of an OSPW was used herein and a multi-method characterization of the fractions conducted.     

非均匀电场对土壤中基因工程菌的迁移与机理

以克隆有绿色荧光蛋白基因的Rm1021-GFP细菌作为标记细菌,研究了该细菌在非均匀电场作用下在土壤中的运移特征和存活性,分析了其运移机理和影响因素.结果表明,非均匀电场能有效地促进土壤中Rm1021-GFP细菌的运移,电泳、介电泳和随电渗析流迁移是其主要机理,土壤介质、电压梯度和电极反应是其主要影响因素,电极反应对电极附近细菌的存活性有不利影响.     

泰国水稻种植区耕地信息提取研究

耕地信息是重要的农业信息,是分析土地资源利用程度的基础。论文通过面向对象的方法提取了泰国的水稻种植区耕地信息。研究中以TM影像作为数据源,首先考虑多光谱特征、紧密度和光滑度等几何特征,通过区域合并方法进行影像的多尺度分割,生成同质的影像对象多边形。然后选取影像中样地的光谱标准差、形状指数、对称度和密度作为耕地类别的识别特征,并采用模糊函数方法对各特征进行了定义。最后利用最相近匹配方法,对每个对象多边形进行类别判别。在分类的基础上,进行同类别的合并和统计,得到耕地的分布和比例信息。通过野外实测样地和目视解译结果检验,耕地类别符合率为90.25%,面积相同率为90.25%,形状一致性为90%,最终土地利用程度分析结果精度为90%。     

澜沧江的跨境径流量变化及其对云南降水量场变化的响应

随着澜沧江-湄公河次区域经济合作等重大区域合作行动的蓬勃开展,该流域水文水资源系统的变化、规律及其影响已成为国际关注和研究的热点。为考查气候变化对澜沧江-湄公河流域水文水生态环境变化影响的基本事实,以云南境内澜沧江径流量观测数据和云南的同期降水量场观测数据为基础,应用小波变换和相关系数的统计分析方法,研究了澜沧江跨境径流量变化的多时间尺度特征及其对云南降水量场变化的响应。结论为:澜沧江上下游的年径流量变化表现出了十分明显的多时间尺度变化特征,它们之间的差异主要表现在较小的时间尺度上,而对于较大的时间尺度,它们之间的变化特征是十分相似的;澜沧江上下游的年径流量变化与云南的年降水量场变化之间存在有十分显著的相关关系;云南年降水量场变化的多时间尺度特征与澜沧江上下游的年径流量变化的多时间尺度特征是相似的。总之,澜沧江的跨境径流量变化主要是由于云南降水量场的变化造成的,特别是在较大的时间尺度上,澜沧江上下游的径流量变化都对云南降水量场的变化有极好的响应特征。     

我国中东部水生态环境评价与对策研究

利用遥感(RS)和地面野外调查手段,对我国中东部地区水生态环境进行了现状调查与评估.结果表明:我国中东部地区农业用水比重大,水资源利用效率低,资源浪费严重;地表水资源干流水质总体稳定,部分流域水质有所改善,主要污染由工业污染向生活污染、农村面源污染转化;湖泊污染严重,湖泊富营养化现象普遍,赤潮濒发,损失较大;地下水主要以点状和面状污染为主,南方城市污染程度普遍高于北方城市;不合理水利工程干扰了自然水生态过程,加剧河流泥沙淤积,湖泊调蓄洪水生态功能随之下降;水资源利用强度超过了30%～40%的国际警界线,加剧了江河断流;水资源需求增大,地下水超采严重,出现地下水位下降、地面沉降、海水倒灌、泉水干枯等现象.