Microwave-assisted preparation of two-dimensional amphiphilic nanoplate herding surfactants for offshore oil spill treatment

Oil spills are the uncontrolled release of liquid hydrocarbon by ruptured pipelines and tanker hulls, or blowouts and leaks from offshore storage facilities and drilling rigs, either by faulty human behaviors or inevitable natural aging processes. Spills cause disastrous environmental and economic consequences, with the effects of marine habitat damage for lasting decades, necessitating a critical need for efficient oil spill mitigation and leakage treatment. In this study, we develop a two-dimensional (2D) amphiphilic nanoplate as the herding surfactant for retracting spilled oil offshore on the seawater surface with various temperature and saline concentrations. Applying 2D nanoplate herding surfactant causes areas of thin oil slick floating on water to largely shrink and form a thick bulk layer. This transformation lays the foundation for the next-step oil treatment and recovery. Microwave-assisted synthesis method was used to fabricate the surface-modified zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanoplates as the oil herder, which has an amphiphilic characteristic, containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The 2D nanoplate surfactants decrease the air-water surface tension to facilitate the oil herding process efficiently. Using this herding procedure, we propose a biocompatible, high herding efficiency and cost-effective 2D herding surfactant fabrication method and offer a new direction for oil treatment in the offshore process safety field.     

Sorption of styrene from aqueous solutions with oil absorptive resin

We demonstrated the utility of oil-absorbing 4-tert-butylstyrene-divinylbenzene-ethylene/propylene/diene resins in the removal of environmental hormones such as styrene from water. A maximum treatment efficiency of 99.47% was observed when using a static process, while the dynamic process yielded a maximum efficiency of 96.25%. The sorption efficiency was greater for solutions containing higher initial concentrations of styrene and for extended static contact times, but decreased with increasing hydraulic retention time. The influences of styrene concentration, sorption time, and hydraulic retention time on sorption efficiency were successfully predicted using a polynomial equation, sigmoidal function and exponential decay equation, respectively. It was found that the sorption process was well described by a first-order kinetic model.     

Investigation of gas purging process in pipeline by numerical method

Gas purging processes in pipeline safety maintenance were studied using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods. A new model (model 1) closer to actual working conditions and another two-side injection model were investigated. The simulation results showed that the relative purging efficiency of model 1 decreases compared to the ideal model (model 0), and two-sided injection model increases the efficiency relative to the single sided purging model. In addition, the models with different intake methods, outlet positions, outlet sizes and outlet pressures were simulated. If the outlet is opened after delaying some time, purging efficiency is improved. Furthermore if “relay purging” method is adopted, the efficiency is increased by 18% with two gas inlets and by 11% with a single inlet. The outlet position affects the average velocity in the last purging time. If the outlet diameter is equal or larger than that of the inlet, the purging efficiency is much higher.     

Emission factor estimation for oil and gas facilities

Fugitive emission rate quantification in an oil and gas facility is an important step of risk management. There are several studies conducted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and American Petroleum Institute (API) proposing methods of estimating emission rates and factors. Four major approaches of estimating these emissions, in the order of their accuracy, are: average emission factor approach, screening ranges emission factor approach, USEPA correlation equation approach, and unit-specific correlation equation approach. The focus of this study is to optimize the USEPA correlation equations to estimate the emission rate of different units in an oil and gas facility. In the developed methodology, the data available from USEPA (1995) is used to develop new sets of equations. A comparison between USEPA correlation equations and the proposed equations is performed to define the optimum sets of equations. It is observed that for pumps, flanges, open-ended lines, and others, the proposed developed equations provide a better estimation of emission rate, whereas for other sources, USEPA equations supply the better estimate of emission rate.     

改性材料在石油污染水体中的应用

研究了溶液中硬脂酸改性磁铁矿的改性条件,确定了改性时间、温度、改性剂用量等。对改性磁铁矿进行了活化指数、吸油量、透水时间等的测定,并通过红外图谱及扫描电镜图谱的分析,探讨了改性及吸附机理。     

含硫污水油—水旋流分离技术研究

介绍了自行研究开发的适用于炼油含硫污水除油的新型旋流器 ,利用这种高效、节能的污水除油技术 ,油珠的最小分离粒径为 1 0 μm,平均除油效率为 66%。     

HAZOP – Local approach in the Mexican oil & gas industry

HAZOP (Hazard and Operability) studies began about 40 years ago, when the Process Industry and complexity of its operations start to massively grow in different parts of the world. HAZOP has been successfully applied in Process Systems hazard identification by operators, design engineers and consulting firms. Nevertheless, after a few decades since its first applications, HAZOP studies are not truly standard in worldwide industrial practice. It is common to find differences in its execution and results format. The aim of this paper is to show that in the Mexican case at National level in the oil and gas industry, there exist an explicit acceptance risk criteria, thus impacting the risk scenarios prioritizing process. Although HAZOP studies in the Mexican oil & gas industry, based on PEMEX corporate standard has precise acceptance criteria, it is not a significant difference in HAZOP applied elsewhere, but has the advantage of being fully transparent in terms of what a local industry is willing to accept as the level of risk acceptance criteria, also helps to gain an understanding of the degree of HAZOP applications in the Mexican oil & gas sector. Contrary to this in HAZOP ISO standard, risk acceptance criteria is not specified and it only mentions that HAZOP can consider scenarios ranking. The paper concludes indicating major implications of risk ranking in HAZOP, whether before or after safeguards identification.     

江苏油田西部新区试采初期清洁生产工艺研究

在江苏油田西部新区,大部分油井均地处沙漠边缘或腹地,属于脆弱的沙漠生态环境。对新区试采初期不同施工环节中污染源、污染物进行了分析,针对各种污染物产生的环节,提出了试采初期实施清洁生产的管理和技术方法,并对探区的清洁生产长期规划提出了可行性建议。     

油田企业的节水潜力与对策

对油田企业的用水情况、特点进行了总结，在分析节水潜力的基础上，对可能的节水对策进行了初步探讨。     

水中矿物油和动植物油测定方法探讨

准确测定水中矿物油和动植物油含量对环境分析工作具有重要意义。通过实验证明 ,内径 17mm ,干法装柱的玻璃层析柱 ,具有节约洗脱剂、省时、回收率高的特点