An Experimental Study on the Effect of Electrolytic Concentration on the Rate of Hydrogen Production

The effects of concentration of electrolytes on hydrogen production rate (HPR) at different applied voltages were experimentally evaluated in this research paper. The rate of hydrogen production was found to be directly proportional to the concentration of total dissolved solids and the efficiency did not change much with the change in the concentration of solids. Sensitivity analysis of the electrolysis system was also carried out to understand the relative importance of concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) on the HPR, which can help for an optimum design.     

Water and Sediment Quality in the Clinch River,Virginia and Tennessee,USA, over Nearly Five Decades

The Clinch River, in eastern United States, supports a diverse freshwater fauna including endangered mussels. Although mussel populations are stable in the Clinch's northeastern Tennessee segment, long‐term declines have been documented upstream in Virginia. We analyzed water and sediment quality data collected by government agencies from the 1960s through 2013 in an effort to inform current management. The river was divided into sections considering data availability and major tributaries. We tested for spatial differences among river sections and for temporal trends, and compared measured values to potentially protective levels if available. Ammonia concentrations approaching and exceeding protective levels were recorded, most often during the 1970s and 1980s in upstream sections. Sediment metals occurred at levels potentially causing biological effects, mainly during the 1980s and 1990s. In the 2000s, water‐column metals have been well below protective levels for general aquatic life. Dissolved solids (DS) increased in most river sections over the study period but mussel‐specific protective levels are not known. Analysis of water pH, total N, and total P did not generate conservation concern. Enhanced monitoring for sediment metals, water‐column metals, and ionic composition of DS; closer alignment of agency water monitoring practices in the two states; and research to determine biological effects of DS at current and anticipated levels can aid future conservation management.     

悬沙对小球藻生长的影响

在实验生态条件下研究了不同浓度和粒径大小的悬沙对小球藻(Chlorella sp.)生长的影响.结果发现:在泥沙与小球藻直接混合培养体系中,小球藻的种群增长可用Logistic增长模型拟合,拟合后的生长参数表明,随着悬沙浓度的增加,小球藻的环境负载能力a和种群瞬时增长率K显著减小,但到达拐点时间Tp的变化趋势在不同悬沙粒径组中存在差异.结果对于利用泥沙条件抑制水华爆发有着重要的意义.     

Spatial and temporal variation in nutrient parameters in stream water in a rural-urban catchment, Shikoku, Japan: effects of land cover and human impact

Seasonal and spatial variations in major ion chemistry and isotope composition in the rural-urban catchment of the Shigenobu River were monitored to determine the influences of agricultural and urban sewage systems on water quality. Temporal patterns of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and suspended sediment (SS) were examined at four sites in the rural-urban catchment. Urban land cover, incorporating the effects of increased population, domestic water use, and industrial wastewater, was positively associated with increases in water pollution and was included as an important explanatory variable for the variations in all water quality parameters. Significant trends were found in each parameter. BOD concentrations ranged widely, and were high in urban regions, due to the presence of a waste water treatment plant. TN and SS showed various trends, but did not vary widely, unlike TP. TP concentrations varied greatly, with high concentrations in cultivated areas, due to fertilizer use. Local water quality management or geology could further explain some of the variations in water quality. Non-point-source pollution exhibited strong positive spatial autocorrelation, indicating that incorporating spatial dimensions into water quality assessment enhances our understanding of spatial patterns of water quality. Data from the Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT) and Environment Ministry (EM) were used to investigate trends in land management. Stepwise regression analysis was used to test the correlation between specific management practises and substance concentrations in surface water and sediment. MLIT and EM data for 1981-2003 showed an increase in TN, TP, and SS concentrations in surface water. High levels of fertilizer in dormant sprays and domestic water use were associated with high pesticide concentrations in water and sediment. This paper presents a novel method of studying the environmental impact of various agricultural management practises and recommends a management strategy that combines the use of reduced-risk pesticides with irrigation and non-irrigation periods in paddy fields.     

基于生物光学模型的晋江悬浮物遥感估算

为了建立以生物光学模型为基础的河流悬浮物遥感估算方法,以福建晋江为例,对福建晋江下游河段的光学特性和悬浮物浓度进行了测定,探讨了水面下反射率R(O-)与悬浮物浓度之间的响应关系.结果表明,绿光波长的反射率与悬浮物浓度的相关性最强,因此,用R(O-)TM2与悬浮物浓度建立了遥感估算模型,并将其应用于2008年2月28日的Landsat TM影像,反演出晋江的悬浮物浓度分布.精度分析说明,平均相对误差RE为11.93%,该模型可以有效地应用于Landsat TM反演悬浮物浓度.     

鄱阳湖浮游植物时空变化特征及影响因素分析

在5月、9月、11月对鄱阳湖浮游植物开展野外调查,分析鄱阳湖浮游植物的时空分布特征及原因.结果表明:在群落结构上,鄱阳湖浮游植物样品中共发现8门107属,其中绿藻门54属,占浮游植物总数的50%.3次调查平均生物量最高的为硅藻门(蓝藻门藻细胞密度最高),生物量为0.29 mg·L-1,占浮游植物总生物量的28%,是鄱阳湖的优势藻门;其次分别为隐藻门、甲藻门和绿藻门,分别占26%、21%和17%.空间分布上,南部湖区浮游植物生物量最高,中部区次之,北部湖口水道区最低;时间分布上,5月份浮游植物生物量最高,11月份最低.温度、悬浮物和透明度是影响藻类时空分布的主要影响因素.鄱阳湖总体水动力较好,水华暴发总体风险小,但中部和南部水动力弱的湖区,藻量高,仍有水华风险.     

活性污泥表面性质对絮凝沉降性能与出水悬浮物的影响

为了研究污水处理厂活性污泥表面性质对絮凝性能(flocculation ability,FA)和出水悬浮物(effluent suspend solid,ESS)的影响,测定了北京市7个不同污水处理厂活性污泥的表面性质,包括污泥容积指数(sludge volume index,SVI)和胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)中的蛋白质/多糖(protein/carbohydrate,P/C)比例、Zeta电位以及二维分形维数(twodimensional fractal dimension,D2f),并且通过相关性分析和拟合,探讨了这几个参数与活性污泥的FA和ESS的关系.结果表明,SVI与活性污泥的FA和ESS并不存在明显的相关关系,但FA和ESS存在明显的负线性相关关系(R_2=0.787);当EPS中的P/C从1.28增加到25.34时,FA可从0.19增加到0.73,ESS从14.89 mg·L~(-1)降低到6.08 mg·L~(-1),蛋白质中的氨基带有正电荷能够中和絮体表面的负电荷,其在EPS中所占的比例越大,有利于降低表面Zeta电位的绝对值和形成更稳定的絮体结构,进而提高絮凝能力.而且,Zeta电位与活性污泥的FA和ESS分别存在负线性相关(R_2=0.883)和正线性相关(R_2=0.902),当Zeta电位的绝对值每减小1 m V,FA提高0.059,ESS减少0.934 mg·L~(-1).此外,活性污泥的D2f与FA基本上呈现指数关系(R_2=0.935,P0.01),当D2f从1.10增加到1.45,FA提高了4.3倍,而同时D2f与ESS具有较好的负线性相关(R_2=0.868).     

长春市新区污水水质及水量变化规律分析

通过对长春市新区1年的城市污水的水质特点进行检测分析,结果显示水量在4—9月波动剧烈;水温1—3月保持在6℃,7—10月上升至12℃;ρ(TN)在4月低于15 mg/L,1月高于30 mg/L;ρ(TP)稳定保持在1.8 mg/L;SS和COD通常保持在低浓度,分别在440,180 mg/L保持稳定,进入1月后,ρ(SS)和ρ(COD)分别急剧升高至4 157,1 363 mg/L。运用SPSS软件对污水水质指标进行相关性分析,显示污水水量与水温存在正相关性,SS与COD之间存在显著正相关。     

Estimation of Suspended‐Sediment Concentration From Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity Data for Kentucky, 1978‐19951

Williamson, Tanja N. and Charles G. Crawford, 2011. Estimation of Suspended‐Sediment Concentration From Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity Data for Kentucky, 1978‐1995. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):739‐749. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00538.x Abstract: Suspended sediment is a constituent of water quality that is monitored because of concerns about accelerated erosion, nonpoint contamination of water resources, and degradation of aquatic environments. In order to quantify the relationship among different sediment parameters for Kentucky streams, long‐term records were obtained from the National Water Information System of the U.S. Geological Survey. Suspended‐sediment concentration (SSC), the parameter traditionally measured and reported by the U.S. Geological Survey, was statistically compared to turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS), two parameters that are considered surrogate data. A linear regression of log‐transformed observations was used to estimate SSC from TSS; 72% of TSS observations were less than coincident SSC observations; however, the estimated SSC values were almost as likely to be overestimated as underestimated. The SSC‐turbidity relationship also used log‐transformed observations, but required a nonlinear, breakpoint regression that separated turbidity observations ≤6 nephelometric turbidity units. The slope for these low turbidity values was not significantly different than zero, indicating that low turbidity observations provide no real information about SSC; in the case of the Kentucky sediment record, this accounts for 30% of the turbidity observations.     

Non-Point-Source Impacts on Stream Nutrient Concentrations Along a Forest to Urban Gradient

We conducted statistical analyses of a 10-year record of stream nutrient and sediment concentrations for 17 streams in the greater Seattle region to determine the impact of urban non-point-source pollutants on stream water quality. These catchments are dominated by either urban (22–87%) or forest (6–73%) land cover, with no major nutrient point sources. Stream water phosphorus concentrations were moderately strongly (r²=0.58) correlated with catchment land-cover type, whereas nitrogen concentrations were weakly (r²=0.19) and nonsignificantly (at < 0.05) correlated with land cover. The most urban streams had, on average, 95% higher total phosphorus (TP) and 122% higher soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and 71% higher turbidity than the most forested streams. Nitrate (NO₃), ammonium (NH₄), and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations did not vary significantly with land cover. These results suggest that urbanization markedly increased stream phosphorus concentrations and modestly increased nitrogen concentrations. However, nutrient concentrations in Seattle region urban streams are significantly less than those previously reported for agricultural area streams.