Evaluation of a conceptual model for the subsurface transport of plutonium involving surface mediated reduction of PuV to PuIV

A conceptual model is proposed to explain the transport behavior of plutonium in laboratory columns packed with a sandy coastal soil from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Savannah River Site. The column transport experiments involved the introduction of a finite step input of plutonium, predominately in the +5 oxidation state, into the columns followed by elution with a low-carbonate solution of 0.02 M NaClO4 at pH 3, 5, and 8. Total plutonium concentrations were measured in the effluent as a function of time. These elution profiles suggest at least two distinct physical/chemical forms of plutonium, each with a different mobility. To explain the observed behavior, the following conceptual model was evaluated: [1] equilibrium partitioning of plutonium (V) and plutonium (IV) between the aqueous and sorbed phases as defined by pH-dependent, oxidation-state specific distribution coefficients and [2] kinetic reduction of plutonium (V) to plutonium (IV) in the sorbed phase. The conceptual model was applied to the column experiments through a one-dimensional advective/dispersive mathematical model, and predictions of the mathematical model were compared with the experimental data. Overall, the model was successful in predicting some of the major features observed in the experiments. It also yielded quantitative estimates of the rate constant for surface mediated reduction of plutonium (V) to plutonium (IV) that were of the same order (10(-4) to 10(-5) s(-1)) as those calculated from batch data both for this soil and for goethite.     

EFFECT OF THE PAPER INDUSTRY ON WATER QUALITY OF THE LOWER FOX RIVER1

ABSTRACT: The Lower Fox River, Wisconsin, hosts the densest concentration of paper mills in the US., with 18 located along a 4Gde stretch between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Some of these companies use only primary, others also secondary, waste treatment techniques. Comparison of the quantities of wastes discharged with the legal limits indicates that all plants discharge only 40-50 percent or less of the allowable suspended solids; most discharge < 50 percent of the allowable BOD. This is equal or better than the performance of paper companies elsewhere in the state. Reductions in pollutant discharges have corresponded to improved water quality, though too much BOD is still discharged to be adequately assimilated by the Fox River. The relatively low current level of discharges means permit levels would have to be drastically cut to make any significant impact on water quality. Only a few companies might be seriously affected by such changes. Flow and temperature related permits would likely be more effective, but more difficult to comply with for the industry. Toxic substances are also a potential problem, particularly chlororganic compounds that can form in situ from the chlorine frequently used for pulp bleaching.     

PHYSICAL AND CONCEPTUAL SIMULATION OF EFFLUENTS FROM DREDGED MATERIAL CONFINEMENT FACILITIES1

ABSTRACT: Environmental protection dictates that effluents of desired quality should be dischargd from dredged material confinement facilities. In general, this can be accomplished by supplementing the solid-liquid separation obtained by simple sedimentation with appropriate filter systems which provide additional clarification. A methodology to estimate the sedimentation required in a disposal area was developed on the basis of classical sedimentation theories and compared favorably with field data. A procedure was then advanced and documented whereby effluents from dredged material confinement facilities can be successfully modeled for laboratory filtration tests. For these purposes inorganic suspended solids can be simulted reasonably well by adjusting the concentration of commercially available clays, and fresh or saline water environments can be simulated satisfactorily by tap water or sodium chloride solutions, respectively.     

MATERIALS INPUT OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN: A SYNOPTIC APPRAISAL1

ABSTRACT: The complex morphometry of Lake Champlain requires that detailed, regional studies be made, and the results integrated, to yield total lake conditions. Using specific conductance measurements, and values of total dissolved solids calculated from them, we present an approach to assessing the materials budget of the lake. The sampling program involved inventorying all 319 tributaries, determining the watershed area for each, and dividing the Champlain basin into appropriate hydrographic regions. Data were obtained from samples collected from 41 selected streams (representing 97.5% of the annual water input), sampling occurring in all seasons of the year since 1970. Results indicate that over one million metric tonnes of total dissolved solids enter Lake Champlain annually, about two-thirds (63%) from the eastern (Vermont) portion and almost one-fourth (22%) from the western (New York) part of the drainage basin, the remainder (15%) entering from the south end. Of the total quantity added annually, 17.4% is retained in the lake, indicating that a solids build-up is occurring, at a significant rate. We suggest that specific conductance, and therefore total dissolved solids, be utilized as a convenient indicator of water quality conditions, and results applied to permit more efficient watershed management.     

取样及样品前处理对制革废水中总铬的影响

通过利用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定制革企业不同工艺流程产生废水的总铬,考察不同量具及取样量、不同消解方法和样品保存期限对测定结果的影响。结果表明水样中悬浮物造成的取样不均匀性导致测定结果差异明显,不同消解方法测定制革废水总铬,检测数据具有可比性,固定剂的加入能够使得水样检测数据保持稳定。     

土壤污染的生态毒理诊断

土壤污染诊断是土壤清洁过程中必不可少的重要环节。然而，单纯依靠化学方法进行土壤污染诊断，不能表征土壤的整体质量特征，因此需要生态毒理诊断方法做补充。以土壤生态毒理诊断研究为主线，对土壤污染生态毒理诊断的特殊性、重要性、客观需求以及现有诊断研究等国内外现状进行了综述并对发展前景进行展望。     

矿井水电化学特性的试验研究及其应用

矿井水是我国排放量最大的一类工业废水，本文从电化学角度分析了矿井水的净化机理。通过实际分析测试表明：矿井水中悬浮物属于半胶态体系，即悬浮体与胶态体的过渡体，带负电荷，其动电位介于—20mV至—30mV之间。聚合硫酸铁对矿井水的电中和能力较强，而聚合氯化铝对矿井水的混凝能力主要来自吸附架桥和网捕。     

易悬浮和外源输入下原位覆盖对生物有效磷形成的影响

在有外源磷持续汇入的前提下,研究了底泥原位覆盖钙改性材料和锁磷剂被悬浮颗粒再覆盖后对沉积物生物有效磷(BAP)的影响.结果表明,与空白对照相比,底泥原位覆盖后,BAP平均下降34.30%,此外,上覆水及间隙水溶解性无机磷(DIP)的浓度分别平均下降了74.25%和47.48%(0～3 cm),说明覆盖材料可以有效减少水体DIP的浓度,促进易被生物利用态磷浓度的降低.然而,当覆盖材料受到悬浮颗粒影响后,BAP平均下降20.27%,其中,藻类可利用磷(AAP)、碳酸氢钠可提取磷(Olsen-P)和水溶性磷(WSP)的含量较未被悬浮颗粒覆盖组显著提高,分别增加了18.28%、17.41%和12.58%,说明覆盖材料受悬浮颗粒影响后不利于降低底泥磷的生物有效性.     

太湖西部环湖河道悬浮物输移速率及变化特征

悬浮物(SS)的外部输入对湖泊SS总量变化及物质循环具有重要影响,本文基于逐月的水文与悬浮物同步观测,研究了太湖西部主要河道的SS输移速率及其时空变化.结果表明,太湖入湖SS浓度年内变化较为稳定,而出湖浓度在冬季(12月、1月、2月)高于同期入湖浓度,其他月份出湖浓度下降并低于同期入湖浓度.太湖西部SS主要通过城东港和百渎港进入太湖,年平均输入速率占太湖西部总输入速率的38.7%和12.1%;通过长兜港、太浦河和大钱港输出太湖,年平均输出速率分别占总输出速率的44.9%、24.8%和11.9%.SS总输移速率存在较大的年内变化,净输入速率为1289.5 g·s-1.     

城市污水处理厂出水的化学需氧量和悬浮物的相关关系以及悬浮物测定方法探讨

以活性污泥法为基础的二级生化处理工艺是城市污水处理的基本方法，其出水的化学需氧量值(CODCr)不仅大于悬浮物(SS)值，而且两者之间还存在着一致性的相关关系。本文对这种关系作了相应探讨。同时对悬浮物的测定方法进行了探讨，提出了悬浮物的表示由可沉固体 透明度的概念。