基于模糊相似优先比的供水管网渗漏同步诊断*

为加强城市供水管网渗漏诊断能力,采用基于模糊相似优先比的漏损判别方法实现供水管网漏损定位及漏损程度的同步诊断。通过MATLAB软件调用最新版EPANET V2.2建立供水管网模型,在管段中间加入扩散器模拟单次渗漏事件,通过更改扩散器系数实现渗漏量的控制;基于压力驱动水力分析得到各节点压力变化,遍历模拟各管段漏损后,通过建立节点压力灵敏度矩阵,采用K均值聚类法进行监测点布置;在此基础上,在易渗漏管段模拟产生不同渗漏级别的渗漏事件,以监测点压力变化值构建源范例库,在熵权法的基础上,采用模糊相似优先比方法同步诊断渗漏位置及渗漏程度。以某一实际管网为例,模拟产生50例历史渗漏事件,采用模糊相似优先比同步诊断新渗漏事件的渗漏位置及渗漏程度,并对比3种权重方法。结果表明:模糊相似优先比法可有效地实现渗漏定位与渗漏程度的同步诊断。     

低成本高分辨电化学传感技术探测大气NO2的研究

为有序疏解大气NO_2监测环境日益复杂及成本高昂的光学探测仪器缺乏灵活性的困扰,研制了基于低成本电化学传感技术的测量系统,以四电极电化学传感器为NO_2浓度传感载体,基于差分算法补偿痕量浓度下零点电流漂移的干扰,实现了对大气NO_2的定量.结果表明,系统在摆脱有线数传束缚的基础上可稳定探测NO_2,对100 ppbv的NO_2标气响应时间T9034 s,标定探得其灵敏度为0.242 m V·ppbv-1,时间分辨率为10 s时探测限为1.5 ppbv(3σ).为验证准确性,将系统置于合肥西北郊科学岛进行了连续2个昼夜的大气NO_2测量,并与参考设备CRDS系统对比,探讨了测量结果,发现除去该系统因环境湿度贴近极限工作湿度时测量结果奇异部分,二者表现出良好的一致性,R2达到0.940,线性拟合斜率为1.047±0.006,接着分析了温湿度和其他痕量气体等干扰源.研究表明,本技术可为大气NO_2高分辨在线监测提供一种低成本便携途径.     

滤毒罐寿命失效指示器的研究进展

滤毒罐寿命失效指示器能保障有毒有害环境下作业人员的生命安全。为了全面了解滤毒罐寿命失效指示器的研究进展,基于滤毒罐失效指示器的概念、原理和政策,介绍滤毒罐对有机蒸气有效防护时间的评估模型及其应用;通过介绍近年来主动式和被动式2类滤毒罐寿命失效指示器的研究进展,指出被动式比色型寿命失效指示器由于成本低廉是目前研究较为广泛、成熟的技术,而成本仍然是制约主动式寿命失效指示器的主要因素;最后,提出滤毒罐寿命失效指示器在职业防护领域和军事领域的发展趋势和应用前景。     

Iowa Statewide Stream Nitrate Load Calculated Using In Situ Sensor Network

Various techniques exist to estimate stream nitrate loads when measured concentration data are sparse. The inherent uncertainty associated with load estimation, however, makes tracking progress toward water quality goals more difficult. We used high‐frequency, in situ nitrate sensors strategically deployed across the agricultural state of Iowa to evaluate 2016 stream concentrations at 60 sites and loads at 35 sites. The generated data, collected at an average of 225 days per site, show daily average nitrate‐N yields ranging from 12 to 198 g/ha, with annual yields as high as 53 kg/ha from the intensely drained Des Moines Lobe. Thirteen of the sites that capture water from 82.5% of Iowa's area show statewide nitrate‐N loading in 2016 totaled 477 million kg, or 41% of the load delivered to the Mississippi–Atchafalaya River Basin (MARB). Considering the substantial private and public investment being made to reduce nitrate loading in many states within the MARB, networks of continuous, in situ measurement devices as described here can inform efforts to track year‐to‐year changes in nitrate load related to weather and conservation implementation. Nitrate and other data from the sensor network described in this study are made publicly available in real time through the Iowa Water Quality Information System.     

Field Evaluation of the PAS III Passive Alcohol Sensor

Passive alcohol sensors (PAS) are screening devices designed to sample nonintrusively the ambient air around a driver's mouth to determine the presence of alcohol. Studies have shown that PAS devices can aid police officers in the identification of unpaired drivers, particularly at sobriety checkpoints. Data from a 1996 nationwide survey, in which 5,392 drivers were evaluated for alcohol using both the PAS III (a passive sensor housed in a flashlight) and evidential breath test devices, have allowed the determination of appropriate criteria at various blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) for detecting impaired drivers in the field. Using the appropriate criteria, the PAS III can identify about 75% of the drivers with BACs at or above 0.10%, and 70% at or above 0.08%. This is a vast improvement over the 40-50% detection rate currently achieved by police officers at checkpoints not using sensors. Using the PAS III few drivers would be identified inappropriately. At the criterion recommended for detecting BACs at or above 0.08%, about 14% of drivers with BACs of 0.02-0.05% would be incorrectly identified as having a higher BAC. Field studies have shown that when police officers rely on observation alone about 20% of drivers with low BACs are detained for further evaluation. More widespread use of passive sensors by police officers would aid in the detection of drinking drivers. Sensors also could provide an additional deterrent to the general public if they believe that when stopped by the police after drinking they will be detained for further evaluation.     

激励电压对汽车碰撞试验传感器输出的影响分析

碰撞试验中,假人及传感器组成数据采集系统的第一部分,输出的数据反映了冲击环境中模拟人体的生物力学响应。因此,最终的数据结果非常重要。传感器激励电压的不同,产生的热量也不同。碰撞试验中使用的传感器数量达200多个,因此假人体内会因激励电压产生较大的热量,从而产生温度误差,最终引起数据的不准确。因此,在碰撞试验中,要确保假人体内温度与标准符合;要求传感器标定电压与数据采集输入的激励电压一致。     

A cellphone-based colorimetric multi-channel sensor for water environmental monitoring

● A cellphone-based colorimetric multi-channel sensor for in-field detection. ● A universal colorimetric detection platform in the absorbance range of 400–700 nm. ● Six-fold improvement of sensitivity by introducing a transmission grating. ● Quantifying multiple water quality indexes simultaneously with high stability. The development of colorimetric analysis technologies for the commercial cellphone platform has attracted great attention in environmental monitoring due to the low cost, high versatility, easy miniaturization, and widespread ownership of cellphones. This work demonstrates a cellphone-based colorimetric multi-channel sensor for quantifying multiple environmental contaminants simultaneously with high sensitivity and stability. To improve the sensitivity of the sensor, a delicate optical path system was created by using a diffraction grating to split six white beams transmitting through the multiple colored samples, which allows the cellphone CMOS camera to capture the diffracted light for image analysis. The proposed sensor is a universal colorimetric detection platform for a variety of environmental contaminants with the colorimetry assay in the range of 400–700 nm. By introducing the diffraction grating for splitting light, the sensitivity was improved by over six folds compared with a system that directly photographed transmitted light. As a successful proof-of-concept, the sensor was used to detect turbidity, orthophosphate, ammonia nitrogen and three heavy metals simultaneously with high sensitivity (turbidity: detection limit of 1.3 NTU, linear range of 5–400 NTU; ammonia nitrogen: 0.014 mg/L, 0.05–5 mg/L; orthophosphate: 0.028 mg/L, 0.1–10 mg/L; Cr (VI): 0.0069 mg/L, 0.01–0.5 mg/L; Fe: 0.025 mg/L, 0.1–2 mg/L; Zn: 0.032 mg/L, 0.05–2 mg/L) and reliability (relative standard deviations of six parallel measurements of 0.37%–1.60% and recoveries of 95.5%–106.0% in surface water). The miniature sensor demonstrated in-field sensing ability in environmental monitoring, which can be extended to point-of-care diagnosis and food safety control.     

压缩式压电传感器轴向灵敏度的幅值线性度问题

本文阐述了压电传感器的结构原理及其幅值灵敏度的线性度问题，为了减小测量误差，在使用时应当注意其幅值线性度。     

光纤FBG传感器实施大应变标定方法的探讨

针对钢管封装的大应变光纤光栅布拉格传感器的标定问题,设计了大应变试验加载平台,通过光纤光栅布拉格传感器对试验平台标定,确定了平台载荷与应变的比例系数K,按照等比加载实现了对光纤光栅布拉格传感器大于5000με的大应变标定。     

飞机地面积/除冰环境模拟与试验研究

飞机地面积冰是飞机进入冬季安全飞行的重要隐患,很多飞行事故都是因为没有清除飞机表面的积冰而造成的。基于对飞机地面积/除冰的真实环境的分析,在低温湿热试验箱中模拟积/除冰时的大气条件,对机翼积/除冰进行试验研究。通过改变环境温度、除冰液温度、流量、浓度等影响因素,利用光纤式结冰传感器得到不同环境条件下,除冰液参数对除冰过程的影响数据,并对这些数据进行了分析。试验结果表明该装置能有效地模拟飞机地面积/除冰过程,数据分析显示飞机地面结冰过程主要受外界环境温度,湿度(空气的水含量)的影响;对飞机地面除冰来说,除冰液温度参数是除冰效果达到最佳的关键因素。