Decolorization of Methyl Orange by a new clay-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron: Synergetic effect, efficiency optimization and mechanism

In this study, a novel nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) composite material was successfully synthesized using a low-cost natural clay, “Hangjin 2^# clay” (HJ clay) as the support and tested for the decolorization of the azo dye Methyl Orange (MO) in aqueous solution by nZVI particles. According to the characterization and MO decolorization experiments, the sample with 5:1 HJ clay-supported nZVI (HJ/nZVI) mass ratio (HJ-nZVI5) showed the best dispersion and reactivity and the highest MO decolorization efficiency. With the same equivalent Fe⁰ dosage, the HJ-nZVI1 and HJ-nZVI5 samples demonstrated a synergetic effect for the decolorization of MO: their decolorization efficiencies were much higher than that achieved by physical mixing of HJ clay and nZVIs, or the sum of HJ clay and nZVIs alone. The synergetic effect was primarily due to the improved dispersion and more effective utilization of the nZVI particles on/in the composite materials. Higher decolorization efficiency of MO was obtained at larger HJ-nZVI dosage, higher temperature and under N₂ atmosphere, while the MO initial concentration and pH were negatively correlated to the efficiency. HJ clay not only works as a carrier for nZVI nanoparticles, but also contributes to the decolorization through an “adsorption-enhanced reduction” mechanism. The high efficiency of HJ-nZVI for decontamination gives it great potential for use in a variety of remediation applications.     

Investor demand and spot commodity prices

The on-going debate over the influence of investor demand on spot commodity prices largely attempts to assess this influence by measuring the growth in investor demand in recent years. Given the serious data problems that plague such analyses, this article pursues another approach in the hope of providing useful insights into the impact of investor demand on spot commodity prices. It focuses on the mechanisms by which investor demand affects spot prices, and in particular on two questions. First, how does an increase in investor demand on the futures markets affect the spot market and spot price? Second, when investor demand is increasing and pushing a commodity's price up, do physical stocks of the commodity also have to be rising, as economists and others widely assume?On the first question, the article concludes that a surge in investor demand raising prices on the futures markets will have a direct and comparable effect on the spot market prices when these markets are in strong contango. However, when markets are in weak contango or backwardation, price movements in the futures markets have a much looser effect on spot prices. As a result, changes in investor demand on the futures markets may have little or no influence on spot prices in the absence of a strong contango. Instead, changes in fundamentals (that is, producer supply and consumer demand) and possibly changes in investor demand taking place directly on the spot market largely determine the spot price at such times.On the second question, the article shows that investor demand can be pushing up a commodity's price even when investor stocks are falling, despite the widespread presumption to the contrary.     

SnWO_4可见光催化降解甲基橙研究

采用溶剂热法合成了可见光催化剂SnWO4,以甲基橙溶液为目标污染物,研究了催化剂的用量、溶液的初始浓度、盐效应等因素对光催化降解效果的影响.结果表明,甲基橙溶液初始浓度为20 mg.L-1、催化剂的最佳投加量为1.5 g.L-1,SnWO4的催化活性最好,光照反应90 min对目标污染物的去除率可达99.37%;溶液中...     

活性炭催化过硫酸钠降解金橙G动力学

采用颗粒活性炭(granular active carbon,GAC)催化过硫酸钠(sodium persulfate,PDS)产生具有强氧化性的硫酸根自由基,以偶氮染料金橙G(orange G,OG)为目标污染物,研究了其降解过程及动力学.结果表明,GAC/PDS体系能通过氧化作用有效地去除金橙G,其中氧化降解速率主要与PDS投量、GAC投加量、溶液的初始浓度及反应温度有关,升高温度和GAC投量可以显著地加快OG的降解.且在初始浓度为0.050～0.125 mmol·L-1、pH值为5.0、n(PDS)/n(OG)为10/1～160/1、GAC投量为0.1～1.6 g·L-1、温度为298～338 K的实验范围内,反应的氧化降解符合一级动力学模型且与实验值吻合良好.另外还对GAC重复使用之后的催化效果进行了初步考察.     

不同时间尺度下杭州市O3污染特征及控制因素

通过集中整治,我国空气质量已经有了明显改善,但在减排背景下近地面高ρ(O₃)仍是当前最复杂的大气环境问题之一.利用2011—2017年(尤其是杭州市G20峰会期间)ρ(O₃)、ρ(NO_x)、ρ(VOCs)和气象条件观测数据,分析了杭州市G20峰会期间及不同时间尺度下杭州市ρ(O₃)的变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明:①杭州市ρ(O₃)日变化呈单峰型特征,15:00左右ρ(O₃)达最大值(98.55 μg/m3);ρ(O₃)周变化存在“周末效应”,周末ρ(O₃)明显高于工作日;1 a中4—9月为ρ(O₃)高值期,ρ(O₃)峰值出现在5月和9月.以2013年为界,将2011—2017年ρ(O₃)变化分成下降和上升2个阶段,2011—2013年呈下降趋势,降幅约为15.02 μg/m3,2014—2017年呈上升趋势,增幅约为23.25 μg/m3.②减排措施的实施对ρ(O₃)存在双重作用,其可通过降低前体物质量浓度抑制O₃的生成,又能引起大气污染物质量浓度下降、太阳辐射增强,从而促进O₃的生成.当O₃前体物质量浓度较低时,在强太阳辐射等气象条件驱动下,近地面仍会呈现高ρ(O₃)的现象.③气象条件是驱动ρ(O₃)日、月变化的控制因素;相反,前体物质量浓度则是ρ(O₃)周、年变化的控制因素,此时VOCs或NO_x控制区、“周末效应”等ρ(O₃)变化特征开始显现.研究显示,不同时间尺度下杭州市O₃污染的控制因素不同.      

PMS/Cl^-体系中橙黄Ⅱ脱色的影响因素和机理

为考察橙黄Ⅱ在单过硫酸盐(PMS)/Cl^-体系中的脱色过程和脱色机理,研究了初始pH值、PMS初始浓度、Cl^-初始浓度、反应温度等因素对橙黄Ⅱ在PMS/Cl^-体系中脱色效能的影响,通过自由基猝灭试验和活性氯浓度的检测,确定了不同pH值条件下PMS/Cl^-体系中的主要活性氧化物种。结果表明:橙黄Ⅱ在PMS/Cl^-体系中的脱色受pH值的影响;橙黄Ⅱ在该体系中的脱色过程符合准一级反应动力学方程,增加PMS和Cl^-的初始浓度均能提高橙黄Ⅱ在PMS/Cl^-体系中的脱色率;升高反应温度有利于橙黄Ⅱ的脱色;体系中橙黄Ⅱ脱色过程的主要活性物种随着pH值的变化而不同,在酸性条件下体系中橙黄Ⅱ的脱色主要通过活性氯(主要为HOCl)的氯化作用实现,在碱性条件下体系中橙黄Ⅱ的脱色主要由单线态氧(1O2)的氧化导致。该研究结果可为染料废水的治理提供新思路。     

Fe/污泥基生物炭持久活化过硫酸盐降解酸性橙G

利用污泥基生物炭（SDBC）固定铁物质制备了一种污泥基非均相催化剂（Fe-SDBC）,用于活化过硫酸盐（PS）以降解酸性橙G（OG）.Fe-SDBC/PS体系显示出对OG优异的降解性能.评价了影响降解的因素（Fe-SDBC金属负载量、Fe-SDBC投加量、初始pH值和PS浓度）.并通过X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）、傅立叶变换红外分析仪（FT-IR）和拉曼光谱仪（Raman）对Fe-SDBC进行了表征.自由基清除剂实验表明,SO₄^·-和OH·自由基均在降解过程中生成,且活化PS历程主要发生在非均质催化剂表面.分析Fe-SDBC活化PS的潜在机理,表明不同形式的铁物质是PS分解的主要贡献者,Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺的转化循环提高了Fe-SDBC持久活化PS的效果.Fe-SDBC循环实验表明其对活化PS具有较好的可重用性,连续3次24h降解高浓度污染物仍能发挥作用.综上所述,Fe-SDBC作为一种污泥基非均相催化剂可以持久活化PS,从而实现OG的降解.     

LFT-G注塑工艺在玻璃钢安全帽生产中的应用

玻璃钢安全帽因具有强度高、耐高温,耐水、酸、碱、油、化学腐蚀及良好的绝缘性等特点,被广泛应用于石油化工、矿山、电力、冶炼等多个行业。目前,玻璃钢安全帽的生产工艺仅有两种,一是手糊,二是模压。但这两种生产工艺不仅存在粉尘、噪声、有毒物质等多种职业危害因素,而且由于部分关键工序采用手工制作,因而造成玻璃钢安全帽的质量性能的不稳定。使用LFT-G（长纤维增强热塑性塑料颗粒）作为原材料,将注塑工艺引进玻璃钢安全帽的生产中,实现了玻璃钢安全帽的注塑生产。这种工艺,不仅职业危害因素大大减少,而且也因关键工序中不存在手工作业,从而大大增加了玻璃钢安全帽质量的稳定性,同时,由于LFT-G粒料的长度增加,经过加工后,安全帽成品中的纤维长度也会增加,使得安全帽的抗冲击性能等满足标准要求。为此,以LFT-G为基础的玻璃钢安全帽的注塑工艺具有广阔的应用前景。     

SPE-RRLC-MS/MS法测定制药废水中青霉素G

建立了利用固相萃取-高分离度快速液相色谱-串联质谱(SPE-RRLC-MS/MS)测定制药废水中青霉素G残留的方法。水样以30%硫酸锌+20%亚铁氰化钾作为沉淀剂沉淀蛋白质后,上清液采用Oasis HLB固相萃取柱富集和净化,以0.01 mol/L乙酸铵溶液(加0.1%甲酸)+乙腈作为流动相进行等度洗脱,经Agilent Plus C18柱分离后,在串联质谱ESI(+)源下进行MRM检测。该方法的青霉素G检出限(S/N=3)为0.02μg/L,目标物在0.0020～1.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数为0.9997。在0.20,1.0,2.0μg/L添加水平平均回收率为74.6%～101.4%,相对标准偏差为4.49%～8.17%。该方法灵敏度高、重现性好、定性定量准确,可满足制药废水中青霉素G残留检测的要求。     

城镇燃气管道动火作业安全评价

针对城镇燃气管道动火作业的高危险性,为保障生命财产安全,提出一种基于未确知测度的安全评价方法。首先,从动火施工作业的前、中、后3个阶段对整个作业过程进行安全分析,并基于作业的前阶段建立安全评价体系。然后,引入未确知测度模型,将因素的量化值与测度函数结合得出测度评价矩阵,采用变异系数法处理评价矩阵,确定各危害因素的客观权重。最后,根据测度评价矩阵与因素权重得出动火作业的安全等级,并对危害因素进行排序。实例结果表明:应用该方法能有效地确定出城镇燃气管道动火作业的安全等级,对于不安全的施工作业,可根据排序确定高危险因素,并采取措施降低其危险性,提高整个动火作业过程的安全性。