A multi-process phytoremediation system for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soils

To improve phytoremediation processes, multiple techniques that comprise different aspects of contaminant removal from soils have been combined. Using creosote as a test contaminant, a multi-process phytoremediation system composed of physical (volatilization), photochemical (photooxidation) and microbial remediation, and phytoremediation (plant-assisted remediation) processes was developed. The techniques applied to realize these processes were land-farming (aeration and light exposure), introduction of contaminant degrading bacteria, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and plant growth of contaminant-tolerant tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Over a 4-month period, the average efficiency of removal of 16 priority PAHs by the multi-process remediation system was twice that of land-farming, 50% more than bioremediation alone, and 45% more than phytoremediation by itself. Importantly, the multi-process system was capable of removing most of the highly hydrophobic, soil-bound PAHs from soil. The key elements for successful phytoremediation were the use of plant species that have the ability to proliferate in the presence of high levels of contaminants and strains of PGPR that increase plant tolerance to contaminants and accelerate plant growth in heavily contaminated soils. The synergistic use of these approaches resulted in rapid and massive biomass accumulation of plant tissue in contaminated soil, putatively providing more active metabolic processes, leading to more rapid and more complete removal of PAHs.     

大气气溶胶含碳物质基本特征综述

准确界定了气溶胶含碳物质,特别是有机碳和元素碳的基本概念,指出了元素碳与黑碳的异同,总结了有机碳和元素碳的排放源,以及二次有机碳的经验公式.阐述了有机碳、元素碳对全球气候、大气化学过程及人体健康带来的危害及机理.归纳了气溶胶中有机碳、元素碳组分的空间分布特征、时间变化特征.概述了国内气溶胶有机碳、元素碳的研究状况,指出国内相关研究重点和趋势.     

Biofilm responses to marine fish farm wastes

The changes in the biofilm community due to organic matter enrichment, eutrophication and metal contamination derived from fish farming were studied. The biofilm biomass, polysaccharide content, trophic niche and element accumulation were quantified along an environmental gradient of fish farm wastes in two seasons. Biofilm structure and trophic diversity was influenced by seasonality as well as by the fish farm waste load. Fish farming enhanced the accumulation of organic carbon, nutrients, selenium and metals by the biofilm community. The accumulation pattern of these elements was similar regardless of the structure and trophic niche of the community. This suggests that the biofilm communities can be considered a reliable tool for assessing dissolved aquaculture wastes. Due to the ubiquity of biofilms and its wide range of consumers, its role as a sink of dissolved wastes may have important implications for the transfer of aquaculture wastes to higher trophic levels in coastal systems.     

Zn、Cu和Pb在无齿相手蟹体内的积累和分布

以长江河口湿地生态系统中一种习见的大型底栖动物无齿相手蟹Sesarm dehaani为研究对象，分析了Zn、Cu和Pb在该动物体内的积累和分布特性。结果表明，无齿相手蟹对这3种重金属的积累在不同部位间均存在着显著的差异，而在不同样点间差异都不显著。动物对Zn和Cu积累能力最强的部位都是鳃，最弱的部位分别是内脏和螯肢。无齿相手蟹各部位对和Pb的积累均很低，且对Pb的排泄明显大于吸收。污染评价表明，本研究所有样点的无齿相手蟹均还没有受到Zn、Cu和Pb的污染。     

Multi-factors influencing the spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils surrounding drinking water protection zone

We selected the Guanting Reservoir in Beijing, China as a case where an industrial area locates on the upwind corner to study the influence of human activities and natural processes on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils. Soil PAH concentrations in the study area follow a log-normal probability distribution function, suggesting that distribution of PAH in soils was affected by human activities. Distribution of PAHs in soils was significantly affected by the point source that high PAH concentrations were observed in near industrial area with an obvious declining trend from the northwest to the southeast which was the prevailing wind direction in this area. Away from the influence of point source, distribution of PAHs in soils was found to significantly correlate with total organic carbon content, while the influences of agricultural land uses and type of soil texture on the total soil PAHs contents and ring compositions were quite limited. The results can provide some evidences and data on the pollutant accumulation in drink water protection area influenced by natural processes and human activities.     

骨炭修复重金属污染土壤和降低基因毒性的研究

采用分级提取的方法研究了施加骨炭对污染土壤重金属的固定效果,结果表明,土壤施加10 mg·kg^-1骨炭后水溶态、交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Pb的浓度都显著下降;而加入骨炭后土壤有机结合态Pb的浓度显著上升,表明骨炭可以吸附、固定土壤中的Pb,改变Pb的化学形态,降低Pb的生物可利用性.加入骨炭后土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd的浓度都显著下降,残渣态Cd的浓度明显上升.骨炭处理对土壤中Cu化学形态的影响和Pb相似,表明骨炭可以吸附固定土壤中的Cu.骨炭处理对Zn也有一定的固定效果,降低了土壤中水溶态的Zn.采用植物彗星实验研究了施加骨炭对土壤基因毒性的影响,表明加入骨炭后减轻了污染土壤对洋葱根尖细胞的DNA的损伤,降低了土壤污染对植物的基因毒性.生物评价和化学评价的结果均表明骨炭是重金属污染土壤的有效修复剂,能有效降低污染土壤中重金属的生物有效性和对植物的毒性.     

Heavy metal pollution in intertidal sediments from Quanzhou Bay, China

The concentrations of eight heavy metals （Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg, and As） in the intertidal surface sediments from Quanzhou Bay were determined to evaluate their levels and spatial distribution due to urbanization and economic development of Quanzhou region, southeast China. The ranges of the measured concentrations in the sediments are as follows： 24.8-119.7 mg/kg for Cu, 105.5-241.9 mg/kg for Zn, 34.3-100. 9 mg/kg for Pb, 0.28-0. 89 mg/kg for Cd, 51.1-121.7 mg/kg for Cr, 16.1-45.7 mg/kg for Ni, 0.17-0.74 mg/kg for Hg, and 17.7-30.2 mg/kg for As. The overall average concentrations of above metals exceed the primary standard criteria but meet the secondary standard criteria of the Chinese National Standard of Marine Sediment Quality. Several contents of Cu and Hg exceed the secondary standard criteria at some stations. The results of geoaccumulation index （Igeo） show that Cd causes strong pollution in most of the study area. There are no significant correlations among most of these heavy metals, indicating they have different anthropogenic and natural sources. Some locations present severe pollution by heavy metals depending on the sources, of which sewage outlets, aquatic breeding, and commercial ports are the main sources of contaminants to the area.     

南京市主要入江河流中有机污染物的定性分析

参考美国EPA相关分析方法,利用气相色谱/质谱联用仪,对长江南京段主要入江河流水体中有机物进行了定性分析。共检出11类24种有机物,其中7种属中国优先控制污染物,分属5类有机物;5种属EPA优先控制污染物,分属3类有机物。通过查明入江河流有机污染状况,为环境风险事故防范和应急预案的建立提供科学依据。     

人类活动对土壤环境的影响及对策

人类不合理的开发行为给土壤环境带来了沉重的负面影响，主要表现为土壤沙化、土壤侵蚀、土壤盐渍化、土壤污染等。本文以此为出发点展开讨论，分析各种现象的成因，并提出相应对策。     

不同耐性作物中几种酶活性对Cd胁迫的反应

为探讨作物对重金属毒害的耐受机理,本文采用盆栽试验及生理生化分析方法,研究了作物体内酶系统在耐受Cd胁迫中的作用。结果表明,在Cd胁迫下,耐性作物体内,SOD和PPO的活性未受明显影响或活性略增强,CAT活性明显增强;POD及硝酸还原酶活性的变化无明显规律。这说明,SOD、CAT和PPO活性的维持和提高是作物耐受Cd胁迫的物质基础之一。