黄浦江上游工业废水对程序外DNA合成的影响

用SD大鼠原代肝细胞作程序外DNA合成(UDS)试验,检测黄浦江上游水源保护区9家工厂的工业废水,结果表明,在不同时间采集的9家工厂的两批工业废水UDS试验均呈阳性,并且呈剂量—反应关系。这说明9家工厂的工业废水有潜在的致突变作用和致癌作用,对这些工业废水的排放应加以控制。     

大孔网状树脂在富集水体中有机物的应用

介绍了ＸＡＤ及ＧＤＸ型大孔网状树脂富集水体中痕量有机物的方法。讨论了上述树脂对某些有机物的富集率；影响树脂对有机污染物富集率的因素，如洗脱剂的种类，水样流速，水样和洗脱液保存时间及有机物性质等因素的影响。提出了富集过程中应注意的问题。     

生物三相流化床处理COD废水工艺条件研究

采用生物三相流化床处理含Cu-COD废水,研究了载体的选择和生物挂膜条件、及废水停留时间、容积负荷、气水比、温度和pH值等工艺条件与COD去除率的关系。结果表明,在控制适宜条件下,对于含Cu2～3mg/l,COD 1500～2500mg/l的染化行业废水,采用生物流化床法处理,排放水Cu可达0.52～0.82mg/l,COD为145～175mg/l,COD去除率可达92％～93％。     

pH,有机质和石灰反应对土壤背景值的影响

从上海全市214个土壤剖面样品的13个元素的背景含量,探讨了pH、有机质和石灰反应对其之影响,并对几个主要土类、亚类和土属进行了详细阐述。调查表明,上海表层土壤中,pH和有机质都与Mn、Hg、Se呈中度相关:水稻土、潮土和盐土等3个主要土类之间的pH值、有机质含量都有极显著差异,一些相应元素也有显著差异:随石灰反应的强烈,含Cu量增加,而Zn、Cr、F、Se的含量减少。     

重庆电厂炉前煤及飞灰中As元素在有机酸作用下的淋滤行为

采用模拟酸雨手段，突出有机酸对Ａｓ元素的淋出作用。分别配置ｐＨ＝４．４７的硝酸、乙酸及硝酸与乙酸的混酸三种淋滤液，对重庆电厂炉前煤及飞灰中的Ａｓ元素进行４０ｈ的淋滤实验，以探讨有机酸淋滤条件下Ａｓ元素的淋出行为。结果表明：有机酸淋滤液对炉前煤及飞灰中的Ａｓ元素具有较强的淋出作用，有机酸中Ｈ＾＋的缓冲释放作用是导致Ａｓ元素较强淋出率的主要因素。     

有机食品的发展现状及趋势探讨

介绍了有机食品的概念,分析了国际有机食品运动的发展方向、推动因素和市场潜力,预测今后几年内全球有机产品市场的年平均发展速率为15％－20％。同时,还分析了我国发展有机食品的国际环境、农业基础和发展模式,认为发展有机农业和有机食品是跨越绿色贸易壁垒的良策,国内的消费市场潜力和空间巨大,预测到2010年,我国有机食品占国内食品市场的比例可望达到1.0%-1.5%,占全球有机食品市场的份额则可望达到3.0%。     

水体有机污染生物监测的研究进展

文章综述了有机污染物对环境污染的现状和对人类造成的危害,以及利用生物对水体中有机污染物(特别是持久性有机污染物)进行监测的研究现状,并展望了生物监测技术的发展前景.     

Simultaneous sorption of lead and chlorobenzene by organobentonite

Clays or organoclays have been used as a barrier to prevent the transport of hazardous contaminants in landfills. However, clays are known to effectively sorb mostly inorganic contaminants, while organoclays are mainly used for organic contaminants. Since the organoclays are basically clay particles modified with cationic surfactants, there might exist an optimal coverage of cationic surfactant on the clay particles to sorb both inorganic and organic contaminants. In order to determine the optimal mass of cationic surfactants on the bentonites, sodium bentonites were treated with various ratios of hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) to bentonites. Chlorobenzene and lead were selected as representative contaminants. When either chlorobenzene or lead exists as a single contaminant, chlorobenzene sorption increased with increasing HDTMA to bentonite ratios, and lead sorption decreased with increasing HDTMA to bentonite ratios. Sorption of chlorobenzene was a function of HDTMA coverage on the bentonites, while lead sorption was much more influenced by the initial lead concentration rather than the mass of HDTMA added to the bentonites.     

Effects of soiling and cleaning on the reflectance and solar heat gain of a light-colored roofing membrane

A roof with high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance (e.g., a white roof) stays cool in the sun, reducing cooling power demand in a conditioned building and increasing summertime comfort in an unconditioned building. The high initial solar reflectance of a white membrane roof (circa 0.8) can be lowered by deposition of soot, dust, and/or biomass (e.g., fungi or algae) to about 0.6; degraded solar reflectances range from 0.3 to 0.8, depending on exposure. We investigate the effects of soiling and cleaning on the solar spectral reflectances and solar absorptances of 15 initially white or light-gray polyvinyl chloride membrane samples taken from roofs across the United States. Black carbon and organic carbon were the two identifiable strongly absorbing contaminants on the membranes. Wiping was effective at removing black carbon, and less so at removing organic carbon. Rinsing and/or washing removed nearly all of the remaining soil layer, with the exception of (a) thin layers of organic carbon and (b) isolated dark spots of biomass. Bleach was required to clear these last two features. At the most soiled location on each membrane, the ratio of solar reflectance to unsoiled solar reflectance (a measure of cleanliness) ranged from 0.41 to 0.89 for the soiled samples; 0.53 to 0.95 for the wiped samples; 0.74 to 0.98 for the rinsed samples; 0.79 to 1.00 for the washed samples; and 0.94 to 1.02 for the bleached samples. However, the influences of membrane soiling and cleaning on roof heat gain are better gauged by fractional variations in solar absorptance. Solar absorptance ratios (indicating solar heat gain relative to that of an unsoiled membrane) ranged from 1.4 to 3.5 for the soiled samples; 1.1 to 3.1 for the wiped samples; 1.0 to 2.0 for the rinsed samples; 1.0 to 1.9 for the washed samples; and 0.9 to 1.3 for the bleached samples.     

潮汐对江水致突变性的影响

对某潮汐河流从下游至上游共设A、B、C、D、E五个采样点,用Ames试验、双微核试验及单细胞凝胶电泳试验(彗星试验)检测涨潮和落潮时江水中有机污染物的致突变性.结果表明,Ames试验各采样点样品都有致突变性,且从上游至下游逐渐增强;对TA98加S9致突变性增加;双微核试验、彗星试验检测出染色体及DNA损伤剂,并以A点作用最强.涨潮时各点致突变强度较落潮时强.