城市污水一级半处理方法的研究

本文提出了用高负荷生物接触氧化法对城市污水进行一级半处理的方法。采用软性填料接触氧化池处理模拟城市污水的合成污水,在负荷为10—25kgCOD/m~3·d时,有机物去除率为60％—70％,处理程度介于一级与二级处理之间,相当于一级半处理。一级半处理方法可使有机物去除速度大大增加,同时获得含能量较大的生物污泥,为消化产气、能量回收创造条件。     

Relationships between Danish organic farming and landscape composition

This article presents an investigation of relationships between organic farming and landscape composition in Denmark. Landscape composition was analysed in terms of density of uncultivated landscape elements (I), number of land uses per hectare (II), diversity of land use (III) and mean field size (IV). Two analytical approaches were used. The first was based on an examination of the national agricultural registers for 1998, 2001 and 2004. The second approach used aerial photo interpretation for an analysis of 72 conventional and 40 organic farms within three sample areas for 1982, 1995 and 2002. The national analysis indicated that organic farming has a direct effect on landscape composition. In 2001, organic farms were characterised by a higher number of land uses per ha, a higher land use diversity and smaller mean field sizes. From 1998 to 2004, conversion to organic farming was related to an increasing number of land uses per ha, increasing land-use diversity and decreasing mean field sizes. Relationships between organic farming and landscape composition were independent of variations in regional location, farm size or farm size change. At the level of sample areas, a significant relationship between organic farming and landscape composition was only found for densities of small biotopes. However, when differences in farm size and physical geographical conditions between conventional and organic farms were taken into account, several significant differences in landscape composition were clarified in two of the three sample areas. Furthermore, changes in landscape composition following conversion to organic farming were largely biased by the characteristics of the sample areas. Thus, in contrast to the national level, the sample area study indicated that differences in landscape composition between organic and conventional farms were not a direct implication of organic farming practices, but were related to variations within other parameters and to the location of organically farmed land.     

高浓度有机废液热值的探讨

探讨了采用ＣＯＤ理论值计算废液热值存在的误差，通过理论值与实测值的比较，提出了基于实测值的废液燃烧热值的计算公式；对于已知元素成份的废液，建议采用门德列夫公式计算废液的燃烧热值。     

活性污泥法处理高浓度有机废水的运行管理实践

进水水质超标导致污泥负荷高、容易引起膨胀是传统活性污泥法遇到的实际问题。在此介绍了活性污泥法处理高浓度有机废水的实际应用,分析总结了工艺运行的管理经验。结果表明:在进水ρ(CODCr)>1000mg·L-1,ρ(CODCr)>500mg·L-1时,处理后出水水质ρ(CODCr)<100mg·L-1,ρ(CODCr)<30mg·L-1,均达到国家排放标准。     

光催化氧化法的影响因素和发展趋势

概述了光催化氧化有机物的机理，讨论了影响其反应速率的诸多因素和如催化剂，光强，有机物浓度，ＰＨ值，温度，外加氧化剂和盐等，探讨了提高反应效率的途径，并指出了今后光催化氧化法在水处理中的应用与研究方向。     

钢铁厂废水中有机污染物组成分析

采用GDX-502树脂富集等前处理方法。毛细管气相色谱和色—质联用等检测手段,分析钢铁厂废水有机污染物组成。定性出以芳烃类、酚类为主的73种有机污染物。采用多污染物环境影响评价系统,就其有机污染物对人体健康和生态的潜在危害进行了初步评价。结果表明,甲酚、萘、苯、酚是危害人体健康和生态的主要污染物。     

沈阳市区大气飘尘中有机物含量的分布规律

利用粉尘采样器采集沈阳市区十五个点的大气ＰＭ１０，用四氯化碳进行萃取，在１７３０型ＦＴ－ＩＲ光谱仪上进行红外定量，制得沈阳市区大气ＰＭ１０及其有机物含量分布图，找出规律，查出污染源。     

Persistent organic pollutants control strategy in China

The development of Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) control policy in China in the context of international concerns on POPs was reviewed. The aspects of the Chinese POPs control strategies were analyzed, and compared with those of developed counterparts(e.g. US, EU, Japan). Currently, while the legal framework on POPs management, which complies with intemational guidelines has been established, it should be improved in the areas of special POPs management, risk assessment, the precautionary principle, lifecycle management and technical support capacity. The analysis of Chinese POPs policy and suggestions for strengthening the sciencebased decision making capacity are not only useful for Chinese decision-makers, but also a case study for developing wodd and make a great contribution for the global elimination of POPs to make a toxic-free future.     

New microbial electrosynthesis system for methane production from carbon dioxide coupled with oxidation of sulfide to sulfate

Microbial electrosynthesis system (MES) is a promising method that can use carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas, to produce methane which acts as an energy source, without using organic substances. However, this bioelectrical reduction reaction can proceed at a certain high applied voltage when coupled with water oxidation in the anode coated with metallic catalyst. When coupled with the oxidation of HS^– to SO₄²⁻, methane production is thermodynamically more feasible, thus implying its production at a considerably lower applied voltage. In this study, we demonstrated the possibility of electrotrophic methane production coupled with HS^– oxidation in a cost-effective bioanode chamber in the MES without organic substrates at a low applied voltage of 0.2 V. In addition, microbial community analyses of biomass enriched in the bioanode and biocathode were used to reveal the most probable pathway for methane production from HS^– oxidation. In the bioanode, electroautotrophic SO₄²⁻ production accompanied with electron donation to the electrode is performed mainly by the following two steps: first, incomplete sulfide oxidation to sulfur cycle intermediates (SCI) is performed; then the produced SCI are disproportionated to HS^– and SO₄²⁻. In the biocathode, methane is produced mainly via H₂ and acetate by electron-accepting syntrophic bacteria, homoacetogens, and acetoclastic archaea. Here, a new eco-friendly MES with biological H₂S removal is established.     

Study on the effects of organic matter characteristics on the residual aluminum and flocs in coagulation processes

Characteristics of organic matter may affect the residual aluminum after the coagulation process. This study reported the results of a survey for one drinking water treatment plant and measured the concentration of residual aluminum species with different molecular weights.Survey results indicated that humic acid or organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500 Da had significant effects on residual aluminum. All the treatment processes were ineffective in removing dissolved organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than1500 Da. These results also indicated that the addition of sand or polyacrylamide in the coagulation process could greatly decrease the concentration of humic acid, and the concentration of residual aluminum also decreased. These results revealed that for all water samples after filtration, the majority of total residual aluminum existed in the form of total dissolved aluminum, accounting for 70%–90%. The concentration of residual aluminum produced in bovine serum albumin solutions indicated that when the DOC was larger than4.0 mg/L, there were still significant differences when the solution p H value varied from 4.0 to 9.0.