白塔堡河不同粒级有机物的三维荧光特征解析

利用三维荧光扫描(3DEEM)和体积积分法(FRI),分析了辽河流域白塔堡河在春汛期水中溶解性有机物(DOM)、小粒径有机物(0.22~0.7μm)和大粒径有机物(>0.7μm)的分布。结果显示:白塔堡河中有机物以芳香类蛋白质和溶解性微生物代谢产物为主,腐植酸类物质含量极少;5类组分在不同粒径有机物中分布相似,在0.22μm以下的DOM中分布最多;溯源分析显示,DOM来源较单一,表现出较强的内源生物降解特性,而颗粒状有机物则表现出内源和陆源的双重特性;多元统计分析显示,白塔堡河点位有机物分布基本上呈现区域性分布特征。     

Carbon paste electrodes modified with biosolids, soils and biocomposites utilized to study the interaction between organic matter and copper

Carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) modified with a biosolid, two types of soils with different amounts of organic matter (OM), and two biocomposites (soils mixed with a biosolid) were used to assess and compare the Cu(II) ion retention properties of the organic matter contained in the samples. The accumulation of Cu(II) on the surface of the modified carbon paste electrodes (MCPEs) was performed under open-circuit conditions. When comparing the response of the MCPEs while assessing parameters such as pH, preconcentration time, and adsorption/desorption capacity, it was found that the reaction mechanism of the two soils is different between the soils and dissimilar from the biosolid; while the biocomposites show reaction mechanisms that are intermediate between those of the soils and the biosolid. This was proven with the use of infrared spectroscopy, since the FTIR spectra show similarities between the two soils and significant differences between the soils and the biosolid.     

An inverse model for the analysis of the Venice lagoon food web

A steady-state model of the Venice lagoon food web was constructed, based on a comprehensive set of data, which were collected in the years 2001-2005. Energy flows were estimated by means of an inverse methodology of constrained optimization based on the Minimum Norm criterion, i.e. on the minimization of both the sum of squares of the residuals and of the sum of squares of energy flows. The solution was constrained by a set inequalities, which were derived from general eco-physiological knowledge and site specific data on energy flows. The trophic network was represented by thirty-two nodes, including single-species compartments for the species of high economical or ecological relevance. Mass balance equations were weighted, in order to obtain meaningful results in presence of large differences, up to 5 orders of magnitude, among biomasses. A perturbation technique was applied, with the purpose of reducing the risk of finding solutions heavily affected by the set of constraints and of obtaining a more robust representation of the energy flows. The main patterns of energy flow are consistent with those obtained in previous attempts at modelling the Venice lagoon food web. Micro- and macro-phytobenthos account for the largest fraction of the primary production. Energy is then transferred towards higher trophic levels by means of two main pathways: the recycling of dead biomass through the detritus compartment and the direct consumption by grazers. The first pathway is the most important and accounts for approximately two/thirds of the energy transferred to the second trophic level.     

猪粪生产有机复合肥的工艺设计

对南平市种猪场的污染现状进行了分析，提出用堆肥化的工艺路线对其猪粪进行处理，生产有机复合肥，在实际应用中取得良好效果。该技术具有操作简便、能耗低，实用性强等特点。     

Sediment organic matter and meiofauna community response to long-term fish-farm impact in the Ligurian Sea (Western Mediterranean)

Quantitative and qualitative changes in meiofauna community structure were investigated to assess the impact of a fish farm, which was operating continuously for 15 years (La Spezia Gulf, W Mediterranean). Sediment samples were collected in June, July, September, October 2000 and February 2001 for the analysis of phytopigments (chlorophyll-a and phaeopigments), the biochemical composition of organic matter (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids) and related to meiofaunal parameters.

Sediment organic matter reached extremely high concentrations beneath the fish cages when compared to the control. Particularly lipids, carbohydrates and chlorophyll-a were significantly higher in fish-farm sediments. On a long-term basis meiofauna displayed adaptations in sediments beneath the cages resulting in an increase of density. Organic impact on meiofaunal community structure was evident in terms of an increase of the nematodes to copepods (Ne/Co) and nauplius to copepods (Na/Co) ratios in fish farm sediments. Cumaceans and kinorhynchs were encountered in control sediments, but disappeared in fish-farm samples. These data suggest that meiofauna is a sensitive tool for evaluating the effects of organic enrichment in fish farm impacted areas.     

盘锦市发展生态农业循环经济模式探讨

循环经济在发达国家已取得成功经验.我国则更多地停留在概念层次上。新世纪之后解决农业面源污染,增加农民收入面临压力更大,原因是农业生产施用的农药、化肥太多,粮食、疏莱残毒超过国际卫生、环保标准。不能走出国门,欲想解决这一问题,发展农业循环经济模式、生产无害化食品,是保持生态环境、改变农村落后面貌必然的战略选择。     

活性污泥对有机污染物的吸附研究

通过中试试验,分析了活性污泥对污染物吸附的影响因素,并考察了活性污泥对城市污水中污染物的吸附效果.试验研究表明,污泥浓度(MLSS)、水力停留时间(HPT)和污泥龄(SRT)对活性污泥吸附污染物的效果有一定的影响,但污泥龄影响较小.在污泥质量浓度为3～5 g/L,HRT为36 min和SRT为2 d的运行参数下,活性污泥时COD,SS,TN和TP吸附效果分别为70.7%,87.7%,30.2%和72.2%.     

Earthworm assisted bioremediation of organic contaminants

Due to their biological, chemical and physical actions, earthworms can be directly employed within bioremediation strategies to promote biodegradation of organic contaminants. Earthworms have been shown to aerate and bioturbate soils and improve their nutritional status and fertility, which are variables known to limit bioremediation. Earthworms have also been shown to retard the binding of organic contaminants to soils, release previously soil-bound contaminants for subsequent degradation, and promote and disperse organic contaminant degrading microorganisms. This review discusses these earthworm actions upon the soil environment and how they might influence the fate and behaviour of soil associated organic contaminants, subsequently improving bioremediation potential. The latter part of this review considers organic compounds in the following order: agrochemicals, petroleum and crude oil hydrocarbons, PAHs and PCBs.     

Breeding skylarks (Alauda arvensis) on organic and conventional arable farms in The Netherlands

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of differences in cropping pattern between organic and conventional arable farms on the breeding activity of skylarks and to assess the effects of arable crop management on skylark nest survival. Skylark nest density was seven times higher on organic farms than on conventional farms (0.63 vs. 0.09 nest per 10 ha). Skylarks showed a strong preference for spring cereals, lucerne and grass leys, all of which were mainly or exclusively grown on organic farms. On organic farms nests were initiated during the entire breeding season, but on conventional farms no nesting activity was found during the peak of the season (early May to early June). On organic farms 27% of all nests was successful. Increasing the availability of suitable breeding habitat during the peak of the breeding season on conventional farms might provide one means of enhancing breeding skylark populations. On organic farms, crop management should focus on reducing nest loss due to farming operations.