河岸材料对河流有机污染物净化能力的影响

在河流水质号模型(RWQM1)的基础上,根据河岸材料影响河流对有机污染物净化能力的机理,建立了"简化河流水质1号模型"(S-RWQM1),并利用该模型模拟受河岸材料影响的生物化学反应过程,以及分析河岸材料及水体中微生物含量、代谢状况、有机污染物降解率与模型参数的相关性。对S-RWQM1的动力学参数进行灵敏度分析,发现对CODCr组分中易生物降解溶解性有机物Ss以及异养菌XH模拟计算结果影响较大的参数分别为异养菌好氧生长速率常数Kgro,H,aer,T0、异养菌好氧内源呼吸速率常数Kresp,H,aer,T0。相关性分析结果显示,以釉面瓷砖、透水砖、松木片为河岸材料的微生物脂磷含量、甲基萘醌与泛醌的摩尔比值MK/UQ、有机污染物降解率与模型参数中Kgro,H,aer,T0的相关系数分别为0.995、-0.904、0.988;格宾护岸的微生物脂磷含量、有机污染物降解率与Kgro,H,aer,T0的相关系数分别为0.862、0.990,与Kresp,H,aer,T0的相关系数分别为0.951、0.997。通过调整Kgro,H,aer,T0以及Kresp,H,aer,T0值,可提高CODCr模拟精度。结果表明,S-RWQM1可较好地反映河岸材料对水体中有机污染物净化能力的影响。     

Impacts of microbial redox conditions on the phase distribution of pyrene in soil-water systems

Variations in the soil/sediment organic matter (SOM)-hydrophobic organic contaminant (HOC) bindings upon microbially mediated redox conditions were examined. While the extractability of pyrene associated with soil declined after its biodegradation began during aerobic incubation, its variations were almost constant (±3.0-4.4%) during anoxic/anaerobic incubations. The dissolved organic matter released from the soil incubated under highly reduced conditions became more humified and aromatic, had a higher average molecular weight, and was more polydispersed compared to that obtained from oxic incubation, similar to the SOM alterations in the early stage of diagenesis (humification). The concentrations of pyrene in the aqueous phase increased significantly during the soil incubations under highly reduced conditions due to its favorable interaction with the altered DOM. Our results suggest that the microbially mediated redox conditions have significant impacts on SOM and should be considered for the transport, fate, bioavailability, and exposure risk of HOCs in the geo-environments.     

Reduction of the movement and persistence of pesticides in soil through common agronomic practices

Laboratory and field studies were conducted in order to determine the leaching potential of eight pesticides commonly used during pepper cultivation by use of disturbed soil columns and field lysimeters, respectively. Two soils with different organic matter content (soils A and B) were used. Additionally, soil B was amended with compost (sheep manure). The tested compounds were cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos-methyl, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, endosulfan, malathion and tolclofos-methyl. In soil B (lower organic matter content), only endosulfan sulphate, malathion and tolclofos-methyl were found in leachates. For the soil A (higher organic matter content) and amended soil B, pesticide residues were not found in the leachates. In addition, this paper reports on the use of common agronomic practices (solarization and biosolarization) to enhance degradation of these pesticides from polluted soil A. The results showed that both solarization and biosolarization enhanced the degradation rates of endosulfan, bifenthrin and tolclofos-methyl compared with the control. Most of the studied pesticides showed similar behavior under solarization and biosolarization conditions. However, chlorpyrifos was degraded to a greater extent in the solarization than in biosolarization treatment. The results obtained point to the interest in the use of organic amendment in reducing the pollution of groundwater by pesticide drainage and in the use of solarization and biosolarization in reducing the persistence of pesticides in soil.     

Applications of thermal hazard analyses on process safety assessments

In 2011, a large petrochemical complex in Taiwan incurred several fire and explosion accidents, which had considerable negative impact for the industry on both environmental and safety issues. Reactive substances are widely used in many chemical industrial fields as an initiator, hardeners, or cross-linking agents of radical polymerization process with unsaturated monomer. However, the unpredictable factors during the process having risk to runaway reaction, thermal explosion, fire, and exposure to harmful toxic chemicals release due to the huge heat and gas products by thermal decomposition could not be removed from the process. This study used differential technology of thermal analysis to characterize the inherent hazard behaviors of azo compounds and organic peroxides in the process, to seek the elimination of the source of the harmful effects and achieve the best process safety practices with zero disaster and sound business continuity plan.     

Regional differences in mercury levels in aquatic ecosystems: A discussion of possible causal factors with implications for the Tennessee river system and the Northern Hemisphere

Concern about mercury pollution from atmospheric deposition has risen markedly in the last decade because of high levels of mercury in freshwater fish from relatively pristine waters. Whereas high concentrations have been found principally in Canada, the northern United States, and Scandinavia, they have also recently been observed throughout much of Florida. Recent surveys of the Tennessee River system, however, have found no locations where fish levels exceed EPA guidelines for fish consumption. This paper evaluates a number of factors that may cause certain regions in the northern hemisphere to experience unacceptable fish mercury levels while other regions do not. Relevant regional differences include: (1) Waters of the Tennessee River system are generally nonacidic (pH>6) and well buffered, whereas 16%, 22%, and 40% of the lakes in upper Midwest, Northeast, and Florida, respectively, have acid-neutralizing capacities below 50 μeq/liter. Acidity correlates highly with fish mercury levels in a number of lake surveys, and experimental manipulations of acidity have significantly raised fish mercury levels. (2) The ratio of land area to water surface area in the Tennessee Valley averages about 30, whereas it is 15 in the upper Midwest and 6 in Florida. Low ratios allow mercury in precipitation to be directly deposited to aquatic bodies, without an opportunity for the mercury to be sequestered by terrestrial ecosystems. (3) Stream organic matter concentrations in Florida, the upper Midwest, and Sweden are 2–10 times those in the Tennessee Valley. Mercury binds strongly to organic matter, and organic matter transport in runoff is a major pathway by which mercury enters aquatic ecosystems.     

Phosphorus loss from different farming systems estimated from soil surface phosphorus balance

The phosphorus load originating from crop production and animal husbandry is a major contributor to the eutrophication of lakes, rivers and coastal waters. The P losses to surface waters may, however, differ drastically due to the diversity of agricultural production systems practised under contrasting environmental conditions. To assess the most problematic types of agriculture, we need information on the P load from different alternative farming practices. Such information cannot, however, be obtained solely from field runoff experiments, as the number of treatment combinations required to account for all relevant farming systems and environmental conditions far exceeds our research capabilities. To facilitate the comparison of P loads, we therefore need reasonably simple models. A key factor controlling the P load from agriculture is the past and present use of nutrients in fertilizers and manure in relation to a crop's uptake, i.e. the soil-surface balance of P. Here, we present a simple empirical model that relates the P surplus (or deficit) in a farm to the edge-of-field losses of algal-available P. Based on long-term fertilizer trials, the model first estimates the change in soil-test P of top soil with the aid of the soil-surface balance of P. Soil-test P is then used to approximate the concentration of dissolved reactive P in surface runoff and drainage flow, as adjusted for different P application types. The loss of particulate P is obtained from typical erosion rates. The model can be applied in life-cycle analyses and in assessing future developments. We illustrate use of the model by calculating the loss of algal-available P from conventional and organic crop and dairy farms located on clay and fine sand soils.     

有机农业生产中杂草综合防治方法探讨

分析杂草的特征，阐述有机农业对待杂草的观念，并提出有机生产中杂草综合防治的方法。     

石化生产中有机废物的微生物降解

论述了特种微生物对石化废水的生物降解机理及有机污水的生物治理 ,对生物治理有机废物的前景进行了展望。     

化工厂、制药厂、焦化厂废水中有机污染物组成分析

对太原地区的化工厂、制药厂、焦化厂排放废水中有机污染物进行了系统检测。在太原化工厂排放废水中检测出21种有机污染物,苯酚、氯苯占排放量的32.1％;在制药厂废水中检测出23种有机污染物,氯苯、硝基乙苯占排放量的53.2％;在焦化厂排放废水中检测出43种有机污染物,11种多环芳烃占排放量的57.0％,7种酚类占排放量的21.9％。     

活性污泥法处理有机磷农药废水

有机磷农药废水一般均采用预处理、生化等工艺相结合的处理方法，以使处理后的废水能够达标排放。在此．对生化处理采用推流折流鼓风曝气活性污泥法处理有机磷农药废水的工艺流程，及其参数和费用进行了分析。