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771.
Na Li Xin Xing Yonggang Sun Jie Cheng Gang Wang Zhongshen Zhang Zhengping Hao 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2020,14(6):105
772.
Organic Farming and Soil Carbon Sequestration: What Do We Really Know About the Benefits? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Organic farming is believed to improve soil fertility by enhancing soil organic matter (SOM) contents. An important co-benefit
would be the sequestration of carbon from atmospheric CO2. Such a positive effect has been suggested based on data from field experiments though many studies were not designed to
address the issue of carbon sequestration. The aim of our study was to examine published data in order to identify possible
flaws such as missing a proper baseline, carbon mass measurements, or lack of a clear distinction between conventional and
organic farming practices, thereby attributing effects of specific practices to organic farming, which are not uniquely organic.
A total of 68 data sets were analyzed from 32 peer-reviewed publications aiming to compare conventional with organic farming.
The analysis revealed that after conversion, soil C content (SOC) in organic systems increased annually by 2.2% on average,
whereas in conventional systems SOC did not change significantly. The majority of publications reported SOC concentrations
rather than amounts thus neglecting possible changes in soil bulk density. 34 out of 68 data sets missed a true control with
well-defined starting conditions. In 37 out of 50 cases, the amount of organic fertilizer in the organic system exceeded that
applied in the compared conventional system, and in half of the cases crop rotations differed between systems. In the few
studies where crop rotation and organic fertilization were comparable in both systems no consistent difference in SOC was
found. From this data analysis, we conclude that the claim for beneficial effects of organic farming on SOC is premature and
that reported advantages of organic farming for SOC are largely determined by higher and often disproportionate application
of organic fertilizer compared to conventional farming. 相似文献
773.
Zunlong Zhou 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(1):201-206
Chars were generated by pyrolyzing pine wood at temperatures between 300 °C and 700 °C for 6 h and at 500 °C for 10-300 min. Their organic content and surface acidity decreased, and BET surface area increased, with increasing pyrolytic temperature and time. The uptake of benzene and nitrobenzene increased with increasing pyrolytic temperature and time with isotherms characterized by a transition from less to more concave-downward. The isotherms with low-temperature and short-time chars were fitted to the dual Langmuir-partition model, whereas those with high-temperature chars to the dual-Langmuir model. Calculations suggest that the organic phases of chars functioned as partition media and the uptake of benzene and nitrobenzene on carbonized chars occurred first in micropores via pore-filling and later in larger pores through capillary condensation and adsorption. It is concluded that chars may be considered to consist of the partition domain, the high-energy micropores domain and the low-energy large pores domain. 相似文献
774.
S.P. McGrath C. Micó F.J. Zhao 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(10):3095-3102
The effect of soil properties on the toxicity of molybdenum (Mo) to four plant species was investigated. Soil organic carbon or ammonium-oxalate extractable Fe oxides were found to be the best predictors of the 50% effective dose (ED50) of Mo in different soils, explaining > 65% of the variance in ED50 for four species except for ryegrass (26-38%). Molybdenum concentrations in soil solution and consequently plant uptake were increased when soil pH was artificially raised because sorption of Mo to amorphous oxides is greatly reduced at high pH. The addition of sulphate significantly decreased Mo uptake by oilseed rape. For risk assessment, we suggest that Mo toxicity values for plants should be normalised using soil amorphous iron oxide concentrations. 相似文献
775.
Shinichi Ogiyama Hiroshi Takeda Nobuyoshi Ishii Shigeo Uchida 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2010,101(2):177-184
Migration of 14C derived from 14C-acetic acid was examined by using soils sampled from paddies in four administrative areas in Japan (Aomori, Yamanashi, Ehime and Okinawa) and rice plant in a tracer experiment to understand the fate of 14C in the paddy soil-to-rice plant system. The loss of 14C radioactivity levels derived from 14C-acetic acid was caused by soil microorganism breakdown. A part of the 14C fixation to soil was caused by microbial assimilation into the fatty acid fraction. 14C moved upward via two different types of 14C dynamics in soil: quick movement upward; and constant but slow movement upward. 14C was highly assimilated into the plant panicle and that was caused by the root-uptake and the transfer of 14C. Migration of 14C derived from 14C-acetic acid relied heavily upon changes of chemical forms and characteristics of 14C-compound as caused by microorganisms in soil. 相似文献
776.
超临界水氧化法处理竹子溶解浆生产废水的实验研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
介绍了利用目前国内最大超临界水氧化中试反应器(2.2L+1.7L)对竹子溶解浆生产废水进行处理的试验,其反应装置处理水量可以达到900~1100L/d。分析了超临界水氧化过程中不同反应温度、时间、压力及其氧气浓度对该废水COD处理效率的影响。实验结果表明:在温度为500℃、压力为24MPa,氧化反应时间为60s时,其COD去除率达到99.2%;氧化反应时间为90s时,其COD去除率达到99.95%。处理后的排水能够达到国家规定的排放标准。同时对超临界水氧化反应过程中出现的反应机理及放热现象进行了探讨。 相似文献
777.
778.
779.
In groundwater, deep soil layer, sediment, the widespread of xenobiotic organic contaminants (XOCs) have been leading to the concern of human health and eco-environment safety, which calls for a better understanding on the fate and remediation of XOCs in anoxic matrices. In the absence of oxygen, bacteria utilize various oxidized substances, e.g. nitrate, sulphate, metallic (hydr)oxides, humic substance, as terminal electron acceptors (TEAs) to fuel anaerobic XOCs degradation. Although there have been increasing anaerobic biodegradation studies focusing on species identification, degrading pathways, community dynamics, systematic reviews on the underlying mechanism of anaerobic contaminants removal from the perspective of electron flow are limited. In this review, we provide the insight on anaerobic biodegradation from electrons aspect — electron production, transport, and consumption. The mechanism of the coupling between TEAs reduction and pollutants degradation is deconstructed in the level of community, pure culture, and cellular biochemistry. Hereby, relevant strategies to promote anaerobic biodegradation are proposed for guiding to an efficient XOCs bioremediation. 相似文献
780.
Ernest N’dri Koffi Katrin Nodop Bruno Benech 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1998,32(24):2007
In the field phases of the European Tracer EXperiment (ETEX), an inert tracer was released for 12 h into the atmosphere and samples taken at several locations downwind. During the same time, several Constant Volume Balloons (CVB) (10 and 6 for ETEX first and second release, respectively) were launched into different altitudes and followed as far as 21–188 km, to indicate the initial dispersion directions of the tracer puff. A model simulating the CVB behaviour in hydrostatic meso-scale model forecasts is applied to ETEX data to demonstrate its capability to predict the tracer puff mean axis over long distances (−2000 km). CVB model results are first compared to air parcels trajectories and 2D (i.e. isentropic, isobaric and isodensity) trajectories. Then they are compared to the measured CVB trajectories and finally to the tracer puff trajectories. As expected, the CVB model and isodensity model trajectories are found to be identical. The 16 CVBs calculated trajectories nearly overlap the real ones over 21–188 km with mean absolute horizontal transport deviations less than 20 km (average value of 8.2 km). The corresponding relative transport deviations are less than 45% with an average value of 20.6%. Better predictions are obtained for the ETEX second release. During the 60 h following ETEX’s first release start, the simulated CVBs are mainly found in the area of the maximum surface concentrations of the released tracer, up to 2000 km. Up to 36 h after ETEX second tracer release start, the simulated CVB trajectories predict well the mean axis of the tracer puff, but failed later. 相似文献