广州市河涌底泥中主要污染物的垂直分布特征

分析了广州市3条河涌底泥中有机质、石油烃、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn等主要污染物的垂直分布特征。结果表明:曾边涌、南村涌、会江涌底泥中有机质平均值分别为43.15mg/kg、10.80 mg/kg、34.81 mg/kg,石油烃含量平均值分别为:1644 mg/kg,2427 mg/kg,6763 mg/kg。有机质和石油烃垂直变化特征相似,曾边涌呈现表层底泥含量低而底层高的特征,南村涌呈现随深度增加而降低的趋势,会江涌呈现先降低后上升的趋势,3条河涌底泥中不同重金属垂直变化规律不一样;河涌底泥中污染物所呈现的垂直分布规律并不总是上层污染物浓度高而下层低的正常沉积特征。因此,在考虑通过清淤改善河流水质时,应考虑河流污染的历史,并调查沉积物中污染物垂直分布的实际情况。     

Aerosol characterization in a city in central China plain and implications for emission control

Extensive studies on aerosol chemistry have been carried out in megacities in China, however, aerosol characterization in Central China Plain (CCP) is limited. Here we conducted real-time measurements of fine particle composition with a time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor in Kaifeng, Henan province in October 2019. Our results showed that nitrate and organics constituted the major fraction of non-refractory PM_2.5 for the entire study, on average accounting for 34% and 33%, respectively. However, aerosol composition was substantially different among four periods due to different meteorological conditions and chemical processing. For instance, nitrate presented the lowest contribution during the first period due to evaporative loss associated with high temperature (T), and then rapidly increased during polluted periods as a function of relative humidity (RH). Positive matrix factorization analysis showed the dominance of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in OA, and also the changes in OA composition under different T and RH levels. In addition, this study is unique with two periods of local emission controls. Back trajectory and coefficient of divergence analysis showed that air pollution in CCP was overall homogeneously distributed. As a result, the effectiveness of local emission controls in this region was strongly affected by meteorological conditions and regional transport. We found that one of the periods with emission control even showed the highest concentrations for the entire study. Our results point towards the limited effect of local emission controls in mitigating air pollution in CCP, and highlight the importance of joint emission controls under unfavorable meteorological conditions.     

Removal of F− and organic matter from coking wastewater by coupling dosing FeCl3 and AlCl3

Coagulation and precipitation is a widely applied method to remove F^? from wastewater. In this work, the effect of coagulation on the removal of F^? and organic matter from coking wastewater was studied using AlCl₃ and FeCl₃ as compound coagulants. The removal rates of F^? and organic matter under different coagulant doses and pH conditions were investigated. The results show that the highest removal rates of F^? by AlCl₃ and FeCl₃ are 94.4% and 25.4%, respectively; when the dosage is 10 mmol/L, the TOC removal rates of FeCl₃ and AlCl₃ reach 20.4% and 34.7%, respectively. Therefore, the removal rate of F^? by AlCl₃ is higher than that of FeCl₃, but the removal rate of organic matter by FeCl₃ is relatively higher. The addition of Ca²⁺ can promote the removal of F^?, but the removal rate of organic matter decreases. In addition, by investigating the effects of different pH and Fe–Al ratio on the removal rate, the removal effect of adding FeCl₃ and AlCl₃ at the same time was discussed. The results show that the most suitable working condition for the removal of organic matter and F^? is that the pH is 6.5 and the molar ratio of Al/Fe is 8:2. Overall, the removal mechanism of F^? and organic matter in coking wastewater by FeCl₃ and AlCl₃ was explored in this study. The experimental results can provide reference for the advanced treatment of coking wastewater.     

A tool for estimating the contribution of water-soluble organic compounds to the particle mass and condensational growth in the atmosphere

In this theoretical investigation, we elucidated several factors governing the ability of organic, water-soluble vapours to participate into either the secondary organic aerosol formation or particle condensational growth in the atmosphere. The corresponding requirements for physico-chemical properties of the vapour were estimated. These estimates were also compared with the properties of several difunctional carboxylic acids identified in the atmosphere. Our analysis indicates that while many of the considered compounds are expected to contribute to the total particle mass in the atmosphere, their role in particle condensational growth process remains uncertain. This uncertainty emerges from the fact that the saturation ratio of an organic vapour does not alone determine its ability to act as a “nonvolatile” compound. Instead, the hygroscopic and chemical properties of the vapour, as well as the particle pH and size, have also to be taken into account.     

毛纺废水中有机卤化物的产生,测定和处理

毛纺加工过程产生有机卤化物，以人类造成极大危害，近几年越来越受到重视，文章综述了有机卤化物的毛纺加工各工序中的产生，可吸附有机卤化物等的测定及其处理方法和相关立法状况。     

我国大气VOCs监测现状及挑战

对我国开展大气VOCs监测的必要性、监测现状以及主要使用的监测方法进行了分析。目前,我国已初步建立了大气VOCs手工与自动监测网络,主要采用预浓缩-热脱附-气相色谱-质谱/氢火焰离子化检测器法进行PAMS组分和TO-15组分分析,利用高效液相色谱法进行13种醛、酮类组分分析。目前大气VOCs监测还存在数据质量、灵敏度有待提高,不同设备或方法监测结果一致性较差等问题。为此在VOCs监测过程中应进一步加强质量保证与质量控制,并尝试通过提高预浓缩装置除水和干扰物效率、提升进样量等多种手段提高监测灵敏度。     

“十四五”我国VOCs排放总量控制方案研究与建议

我国大气污染防治工作已从以细颗粒物(PM_2.5)控制为主转变为PM_2.5与臭氧(O3)协同控制新阶段,O3已成为空气质量达标和持续改善的重要制约因素。挥发性有机物(VOCs)是生成臭氧的重要前体物之一,大幅削减VOCs的排放量是现阶段O3污染防治的关键。本文基于“十四五”我国VOCs排放的预测结果,提出了VOCs总量控制的总体思路、范围和技术路线,设计了VOCs排放总量控制方案,确定了总量分配指标和指标权重,进一步得出各省(区、市)2025年控制情景下VOCs排放的削减率、削减量以及排放总量,并以此为基础对“十四五”时期VOCs总量控制提出了以区域总量控制为主,结合重点行业、重点企业集群实施总量控制;强化重点行业、重点企业、集群或园区综合治理;建立以环境质量为核心,综合VOCs排放量核查核算及减排绩效评估的考核体系;同时提出了建立市场化的减排机制和舆论监督的实施机制等建议。     

Decomposition effects on the mass burning rate of organic peroxide pool fires

The mass burning rate of pool fires of organic peroxides do not vary appreciably with the pool size as have been observed for the hydrocarbons. Instead the decomposition temperature largely controls the same. The dependence of mass burning rate on the decomposition temperatures namely self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) and extrapolated onset temperature measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for organic peroxide pool fires are identified and correlations are developed.     

Results of the monitoring program of pesticide residues in organic food of plant origin in Lombardy (Italy)

Organic agriculture, with its restrictions on the use of synthetic chemical inputs, seems to offer a low-residue alternative to conventional methods. In Europe, the Council Regulation n. 2092/91/EEC regulates the production and trade of organic products and foodstuffs; national and regional legislation in Italy gives specific guidance on the surveillance of organic agriculture. However, monitoring of specific chemical residues in organic foodstuffs is part of the regular controls on food, aiming to safeguard consumer's health. Monitoring programs are coordinated at the national level by the Ministry of Health and at local level by Regional authorities. In Lombardy, in accordance with the provisions of the General Directorate of Health of the Region and under the supervision of the 15 Local Health Units, a monitoring program of pesticide residues in food of plant origin is undertaken every year. The International Centre for Pesticides and Health Risk Prevention (ICPS), on behalf of the General Directorate of Health of the Region of Lombardy, has been collecting and elaborating the data resulting from the analysis of food samples, carried out by the local laboratories. During the period 2002–2005, a total of 3508 samples food of plant origin were analyzed for pesticide residues, among which were 266 samples of organic farming products. Commodities were classified into groups (citrus fruits, legumes, vegetables, potatoes, processed products, cereals, and fruit other than citrus) and the outcomes of the analyses were reported by year, origin of the sample and presence/absence of pesticide residues. Results showed that the vast majority of organic farming products were in conformity with the relevant legislation and did not contain detectable pesticide residues. A limited amount of samples had residues at concentration below the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL). Only in one sample the residue level was above the MRL, however it did not pose a concern for public health, as demonstrated by the outcomes of dietary risk assessment. Organic fruits and vegetables can be expected to contain fewer agrochemical residues than conventionally grown alternatives. There is a widespread belief that organic agriculture products are safer and healthier than conventional foods. It is difficult to come to conclusions, but what should be made clear to the consumer is that “organic” does not automatically equal “safe”. In the absence of adequate comparative data, additional studies in this area of research are required.     

Characterization of municipal solid waste temporary storage sites: Risks posed to surrounding areas as a consequence of fire incidents

In this study temporary storage sites of municipal solid waste were characterized based on their potential social, health and environmental impacts as a consequence of spontaneous fires, by employing Boolean as well as weighted-linear-combination approaches in connection with various fuzzy set functions of population density around the storage sites. Sweden was used as the case study and data from 105 storage sites were analysed; of these, 38 were identified to be posing high risk for downwind residing population. Furthermore, during the past 10 years, the fire frequency and the average population residing within a radius of 1, 2, and 3 km were found to be comparatively higher for storage sites owned by private companies than for those owned by municipalities. The study provided first-cut information of poorly sited temporary storage sites and can help in formalizing the comprehensive risk analysis in the future.