电芬顿法处理重金属络合物Ni-EDTA的研究

本文首先研究了电絮凝与电芬顿对Ni-EDTA去除效率对比,结果发现电絮凝对Ni-EDTA去除效率较低.通过电化学阳极溶解产生Fe2+,外加H2O2反应的阳极电芬顿过程可有效去除Ni-EDTA.详细考察Ni-EDTA初始浓度、电流密度、p H值及H2O2投加量对Ni-EDTA去除率的影响.结果表明,电芬顿方法处理Ni-EDTA络合物其初始浓度越低,去除效果越好.反应最佳p H值为3.5,H2O2投加量在一定条件下存在最优值,而络合物的去除率随着电流密度的增加而提高.对Ni-EDTA去除过程进行了分析.     

Effects of lindane on the photosynthetic apparatus of the cyanobacterium<Emphasis Type="Italic">anabaena</Emphasis>

INTENTION, GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: Cyanobacteria have the natural ability to degrade moderate amounts of organic pollutants. However, when pollutant concentration exceeds the level of tolerance, bleaching of the cells and death occur within 24 hours. Under stress conditions, cyanobacterial response includes the short-term adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to light quality, named state transitions. Moreover, prolonged stresses produce changes in the functional organization of phycobilisomes and in the core-complexes of both photosystems, which can result in large changes in the PS II fluorescence yield. The localization of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR) at the ends of some peripheral rods of the cyanobacterial phycobilisomes, makes this protein a useful marker to check phycobilisome integrity. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this work is to improve the knowledge of the mechanism of action of a very potent pesticide, lindane (gamma-hexaclorociclohexane), in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp., which can be considered a potential candidate for bioremediation of pesticides. We have studied the effect of lindane on the photosynthetic apparatus of Anabaena using fluorescence induction studies. As ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase plays a key role in the response to oxidative stress in several systems, changes in synthesis, degradation and activity of FNR were analyzed. Immunolocalization of this enzyme was used as a marker of phycobilisome integrity. The knowledge of the changes caused by lindane in the photosynthetic apparatus is essential for rational further design of genetically-modified cyanobacteria with improved biorremediation abilities. METHODS: Polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence rise measurements (OJIP) have been used to evaluate the vitality and stress adaptation of the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7119 in the presence of increasing concentrations of lindane. Effects of the pesticide on the ultrastructure have been investigated by electron microscopy, and FNR has been used as a marker of phycobilisome integrity. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Cultures of Anabaena sp. treated with moderate amounts of lindane showed a decrease in growth rate followed by a recovery after 72 hours of pesticide treatment. Concentrations of lindane below 5 ppm increased the photosynthetic performance and activity of the cells. Higher amounts of pesticide caused a decrease in these activities which seems to be due to a non-competitive inhibition of PS II. Active PS II units are converted into non-QA reducing, so called heat sink centers. Specific activity and amount of FNR in lindane-treated cells were similar to the values measured in control cultures. Release of FNR from the thylakoid after 48 hours of exposure to 5 ppm of lindane towards the cytoplasm was detected by immunogold labeling and electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: From these results, we conclude that the photosynthetic performance and activity of the cells are slightly increased in the presence of lindane up to 5 ppm. Moreover, in those conditions, lindane did not produce significant changes in the synthesis, degradation or activity of FNR. The high capability of Anabaena to tolerate lindane makes this cyanobacterium a good candidate for phytoremediation of polluted areas. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The results of this study show that cultures of Anabaena PCC 7119 tolerate lindane up to 5 ppm, without significant changes in the photosynthetic vitality index of the cells. However, a slight increase in phycobiliprotein synthesis is observed, which is related to total protein content. This change might be due to degradation of proteins less stable than phycobiliproteins. An identification of the proteins with altered expression pattern in the presence of the pesticide remains the subject of further work and will provide valuable information for the preparation of strains which are highly tolerant to lindane.     

几种草酸铁络合物体系光降解酞酸酯比较研究

文章在比较研究了几种草酸铁络合物体系对两种酞酸酯DBP和DEHP的光催化降解情况.结果表明:草酸铁络合物和草酸铁络合物/H2O2体系在遮光条件下对DBP和DEHP没有降解作用.在中性pH值条件下,DBP和DEHP在几种反应体系中的降解速率依次为:UV/草酸铁络合物/H2O2＞UV/H2O2＞UV/草酸铁络合物＞UV＞太阳光/草酸铁络合物.UV与草酸铁络合物对DBP和DEHP光降解的协同作用不强,增强因子f分别为1.20和1.07.UV、草酸铁络合物与H2O2的对DBP光降解协同作用也不明显,增强因子f=1.18. UV与H2O2对DBP光降解存在明显的协同作用,增强因子f=8.78.     

Speciation analysis of aluminium in plant parts of Betula pendula and in soil

The research presents the first results of aluminium speciation analysis in aqueous extracts of individual plant parts of Betula pendula and soil samples, using High Performance Ion Chromatography with Diode Array Detection(HPIC-DAD). The applied method allowed us to carry out a full speciation analysis of aluminium in the form of predominant aluminium–fluoride complexes: AlF_((x = 2,3,4))~((3-x))(first analytical signal), AlF~(2+)(second analytical signal) and Al~(3+)(third analytical signal) in samples of lateral roots, tap roots, twigs, stem, leaf and soil collected under roots of B. pendula. Concentrations of aluminium and its complexes were determined for two types of environment characterised by different degree of human impact:contaminated site of the Chemical Plant in Luboń and protected area of the Wielkopolski National Park. For all the analysed samples of B. pendula and soil, AlF_((x = 2,3,4))~((3-x))had the largest contribution, followed by Al~(3+)and AlF~(2+). Significant differences in concentration and contribution of Al–F complexes and Al~(3+)form, depending on the place of sampling(different anthropogenic pressure) and plant part of B. pendula were observed. Based on the obtained results, it was found that transport of aluminium is "blocked" by lateral roots, and is closely related to Al content of soil.     

Sorption behavior of bensulfuron-methyl on andisols and ultisols volcanic ash-derived soils: Contribution of humic fractions and mineral-organic complexes

Bensulfuron-methyl sorption was studied in Andisol and Ultisol soils in view of their characteristic physical and chemical properties, presenting acidic pH and variable charge. Humic and fulvic acids (HA and FA) and humin (HUM) contributions were established. Sorption was studied by using two synthetic sorbents, an aluminum-silicate with iron oxide coverage and the same sorbent coated with humic acid. Freundlich model described Bensulfuron-methyl behavior in all sorbents (R² 0.969-0.998). K_f for soils (8.3-20.7 μg^1−1/n mL^1/n g⁻¹) were higher than those reported in the literature. Organic matter, halloysite or kaolinite, and specific surface area contributed to the global process. The highest K_f for HA, FA and HUM were 539.5, 82.9, and 98.7 μg^1−1/n mL^1/n g⁻¹. Model sorbents described the participation of variable charge materials with high adsorption capacity. The constant capacitance model was used to assess effects of Bensulfuron-methyl adsorption on the distribution of SOH, SOH₂⁺ and SO⁻ sites of sorbents.     

Adsorption of picloram on clays nontronite,illite and kaolinite: equilibrium and herbicide-clays surface complexes

The picloram (PCM) adsorption on nontronite, illite and kaolinite was studied at pH 3, 5 and 7. The adsorption isotherms had well-fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich models equations. The interactions of PCM with the clay mineral surfaces exhibited an anionic profile adsorption, with a decrease in adsorption when the pH increases. The PCM adsorption capacity increases in the following order: kaolinite?<?illite?<?nontronite. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of PCM-clay samples revealed that the picloram molecule does not enter into the clays basal space. The interaction of PCM with clays surface sites through nitrogen of the pyridine ring was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Due to the anionic form of PCM, the adsorption onto the external and edges surface sites of the clay minerals was proposed.     

Preliminary Studies on Converting Agricultural Waste into Biodegradable Plastics,Part I: Corn Distillers’ Dry Grain

Distillers dry grain (DDG) was derivatized either by carboxymethylation, glutaration, maleiation, phthallation, or succination in order to produce anionic materials suitable for complexation with soy protein isolate. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed that derivatization of DDG by all reagents was successful. Blending of derivatized anionic products with soy protein resulted in instant precipitation of gels. The gels were centrifuged, molded, and dried into solid pellets with tensile strengths as high as 1.67MPa, suggesting that these materials could be promising as biodegradable structural materials. Infrared spectroscopy suggested the possibility of complexes forming between soy protein isolate and each of the derivatized DDG samples.     

UV/草酸铁络合物光解对硫磷的研究

研究了紫外光（UV）/草酸铁络合物对对硫磷的光解作用,结果表明,UV/草酸铁络合物能快速有效地光解对硫磷,且较UV/TiO2的光解效果好。对硫磷光解率随着其初始浓度的增加而降低;pH为3-5时其光解速率最快;[Fe(Ⅲ）]与[OX^2-]之比（OX^2-代表草酸根）和溶液中的溶解氧对其光解有显著影响。     

Ca~(2+)对煤中含氮活性基团阻化效应研究

为揭示CaCl2抑制煤炭自燃发生的机理,提高阻化效果,采用Gaussian03软件包,对Ca2+与煤中含N活性基团形成的配位体的结构及分子前沿轨道、稳定化能、自然键轨道和净电荷布居、电荷转移进行系统研究。结果表明,Ca2+能够与煤中含N活性基团形成二配体、三配体及四配体配合物,形成四配体的稳定化能与前沿轨道能级能隙差较大,说明四配体配合物最为稳定,而且形成配合物后,煤含N活性结构中的-NH2基团对前沿轨道的贡献大大减少,同时轨道能级大幅增加,增加了煤活性结构的稳定性,提高了煤活性结构的抗氧化性。     

腐殖酸-高岭土复合体形成机制及对三氯乙烯的吸附

为探究土壤中有机组分与无机矿质组分相互作用的机制,以腐殖酸代表有机质、高岭土代表无机矿质,制备不同有机质含量的腐殖酸-高岭土复合体模拟样品,进行三氯乙烯的吸附实验研究.结果表明,各吸附剂样品对三氯乙烯的吸附符合Freundlich等温模型,且吸附量的实际值与理论叠加值有明显差异,说明复合体样品中腐殖酸与高岭土之间存在相互作用.结合红外光谱、比表面积孔分析等多类表征,推测腐殖酸与高岭土相互作用的机制为:腐殖酸含量较低时,腐殖酸分子首先分布于高岭土表面的活性位点上,随着腐殖酸含量的增加(有机质-矿质质量比O/M为0.02~0.04),部分腐殖酸分子进入高岭土表面的孔隙,达到相对稳定后腐殖酸分子继续作用于高岭土表面形成第一层腐殖酸分子膜(O/M为0.04~0.08),随着腐殖酸含量继续增加(O/M为0.08~0.10),更多的腐殖酸分子通过与第一层腐殖酸膜相互作用而在高岭土表面进行第二层叠加,同时第一层被压缩,第二层叠加相对稳定后(O/M为0.10~0.16),仍有部分腐殖酸叠加至第二层之上进行第三层叠加,随后内层腐殖酸进一步被压缩(O/M为0.16~0.24),但可能仍有少量腐殖酸分子和聚集体继续下一层叠加.