污水生物处理单元能量平衡与分析方法研究与应用

在提出污染物内能概念的基础上，对污水生物处理工艺能量平衡和分析的原理与方法进行了探讨，建立了能量平衡研究的基本模型。据此对国内四座不同工艺的城市污水处理厂进行了生物处理单元的能量衡算，并采用两类指标对处理单元耗能状况进行了评价。应用能量平衡分析方法可进行处理工艺的设计遴选和建成后运转效果的评判，以及指导处理厂有针对性地采取节能降耗措施。     

多模式发展的港口生态承载力演变

生态承载力是区域可持续发展的重要衡量标准,研究港口生态承载力状况并预测其演变趋势有利于港口生态可持续发展。针对现有港口生态承载力研究中生态过程机制、时间动态性考虑不足等问题,引入系统动力学理论,结合港口生态系统的特点,从社会经济、资源、环境3个方面进行因果反馈分析,在此基础上构建港口生态承载力的系统动力学模型。从港口生态供需关系的角度出发,引入生态承载力供需平衡指数,对港口生态承载力状况进行评价。以大连某港区为例,以GDP增长率、环保投资比重、单位吞吐量综合能耗、单位吞吐量水资源消耗量、单位吞吐量COD产生量、单位吞吐量SO_2产生量、单位吞吐量固废产生量作为调控变量,动态仿真自然发展模式、经济快速增长模式、协调发展模式和资源环境保护模式4种港口发展模式下2015—2030年港口生态承载力演变趋势。结果表明:能源消耗是制约该港区生态承载力改善的重要瓶颈,优化港口用能结构、加强港口能源管理有助于改善港口生态承载力;经济资源环境协调发展模式是实现港口生态系统可持续发展的最优模式。     

An integrated chemical mass balance and source emission inventory model for the source apportionment of PM2.5 in typical coastal areas

The source apportionment of PM_2.5 is essential for pollution prevention. In view of the weaknesses of individual models, we proposed an integrated chemical mass balance-source emission inventory (CMB-SEI) model to acquire more accurate results. First, the SEI of secondary component precursors (SO₂, NO_x, NH₃, and VOCs) was compiled to acquire the emission ratios of these sources for the precursors. Then, a regular CMB simulation was executed to obtain the contributions of primary particle sources and secondary components (SO₄^2?, NO₃^-, NH₄⁺, and SOC). Afterwards, the contributions of secondary components were apportioned into primary sources according to the source emission ratios. The final source apportionment results combined the contributions of primary sources by CMB and SEI. This integrated approach was carried out via a case study of three coastal cities (Zhoushan, Taizhou, and Wenzhou; abbreviated WZ, TZ, and ZS) in Zhejiang Province, China. The regular CMB simulation results showed that PM_2.5 pollution was mainly affected by secondary components and mobile sources. The SEI results indicated that electricity, industrial production and mobile sources were the largest contributors to the emission of PM_2.5 gaseous precursors. The simulation results of the CMB-SEI model showed that PM_2.5 pollution in the coastal areas of Zhejiang Province presented complex pollution characteristics dominated by mobile sources, electricity production sources and industrial production sources. Compared to the results of the CMB and SEI models alone, the CMB-SEI model completely apportioned PM_2.5 to primary sources and simultaneously made the results more accurate and reliable in accordance with local industrial characteristics.     

湖北省土地整治项目碳效应核算及其分析

论文通过构建土地整治项目碳效应分析框架,将土地整治碳效应分为短期碳效应及长期碳效应,其中短期碳效应分为工程施工碳效应及地类转换碳效应,长期碳效应分为农田生态系统固碳效应和农业耕作活动碳效应。以湖北省14个土地整治项目为例,采用碳排放系数法、生态系统类型法等进行整治项目碳效应核算,并计算土地整治项目实施后达到碳平衡所需的时间,对比分析处于不同地貌类型及工程类型区的土地整治项目碳效应及其构成的差异性。研究结果表明：工程施工是土地整治项目碳排放的主要来源,各项目碳排放总量为4 602.00~22 760.81 t,单位面积碳排放为5.18~19.62 t/hm²;地类转换既有碳汇效应,又有碳排放效应;土地整治后,各项目农田生态系统固碳能力增加了412.27~2 794.91 t/a;耕作活动碳排放也较整治前有所增加,增加强度从8.11 t/a至463.76 t/a不等。整治工作后各项目达到碳平衡的时间最少需要2.68 a,最多需要36.66 a。对比分析表明,地形地貌、工程类型虽不是土地整治各类碳效应产生的决定性因素,但却间接地在工程施工难易程度、排灌条件、耕地产能等多方面对土地整治项目区碳效应产生重大影响。     

Assessment of energy balance against the nutritional status of women carriers in the brickfields of West Bengal

The Indian brick industry is an unorganized sector in which large numbers of migrant women workers are employed. A survey was conducted on 62 women workers working in different brickfields of West Bengal to assess their physiological workload, nutritional profile, total energy expenditure and energy balance. Energy intake was calculated using physiological fuel values of carbohydrate, fat and protein. From the results it is seen that 13% of the sample population falls under severe (grade III) chronic energy deficiency. The average daily consumption of the workers was comparatively lower than their daily energy expenditure, considering the nature of the job which falls under heavy to extremely heavy categories. This negative energy balance is effectively observed in the nutritional anthropometry data. Thus, an immediate ergonomics intervention with better nutrition should be implemented to improve the health status of the workers so they can safely continue to work for a longer period.     

粉尘捕集效率与定风量阀应用研究

分析了造成除尘系统风量阻力不平衡的因素,提出在除尘支管上装设定风量阀来稳定各吸尘点风量,通过实验证明,在除尘管网支管上装设定风量调节阀,可以有效的消除系统阻力不平衡和管网压力波动造成的吸尘点风量偏差问题。     

缺水地区人类活动净氮输入与河流响应特征——以海河流域为例

人类活动净氮输入(NANI)是影响河流氮输出的重要因素,研究两者的响应关系对制定氮污染的削减策略具有重要意义.基于NANI核算模型,评估了海河流域人为氮输入强度,并采用实测数据估算了同期的河流氮输出,最终得到干旱缺水区河流氮输出对NANI的响应特征.结果表明,海河流域2008—2012年均NANI输入强度为13258 kg·km~(-2)·a~1,化肥施用、食品与饲料输入、大气沉降和农作物固氮分别占76%、17%、5%和2%;在空间分布上,黑龙港运东子流域的NANI负荷最高,达到24238 kg·km~(-2)·a~(-1),最小的是永定河子流域,为5320 kg·km~(-2)·a~(-1);海河流域主要河流的氮通量与子流域NANI输入呈现显著正相关关系(p0.05),NANI变化可解释67%的河流氮通量变化.然而,仅2%的NANI由河流输出,这一比例低于其他地区研究成果,表明缺水地区河流作为氮输出的功能被削弱,河流不是流域氮输出的主要途径.     

A multiscale hierarchical Markov transition matrix model for generating and analyzing thematic raster maps

A model is described for generating hierarchically scaled spatial pattern as represented in a thematic raster map. The model involves a series of Markov transition matrices, one for each level in the scaling hierarchy. In full generality, the model allows the transition matrices to be different at each level, potentially making available a large number of parameters for landscape characterization. The model is self-similar when the transition matrices are all equal. A method is presented for fitting the model to data that take the form of a single-resolution thematic raster map. Explicit analytic solutions are obtained for the fitted parameters. The fitting method is based on a relationship between the hierarchical transitions in the model and spatial transitions at varying distance scales in the data map, a categorical analogy of the geostatistical variogram.     

Prooxidant Actions of Isoproterenol and Dobutamine

Despite beneficial effect of isoproterenol and doputamine, synthetic catecholamines rutinely used in intensive care patients, their high doses may contribute to cardiotoxicity. This study was conducted to examine whether these drugs can influence on Co, Cu - catalyzed generation deleterious reactive oxygen species (ROS) from H 2 O 2 using chemiluminescent, spectrophotometric and ESR spin trapping techniques. The enhanced production of ROS from the Co(II)+H 2 O 2 and Cu(II)+H 2 O 2 systems in the presence of isoproterenol and dobutamine was observed. The ROS generation was inhibited by scavengers of superoxide anion radical $ {\rm (O}_{\rm 2}^{{ \bar\bullet }} {\rm )} $ , hydroxyl radical $ ({\rm HO}^ \bullet ) $ scavengers and singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) quenchers.     

施肥与地膜覆盖对土壤有机质平衡的影响

用田间长期定位试验法研究了施肥与地膜覆盖条件下玉米连作在壤质棕壤中有机质的矿化、积累和平衡。结果表明，土壤有机质矿化率在０．０１０７～０．０４３８／ａ之间，施肥与地膜覆盖有利于土壤有机质的积累与平衡，并加快有机质矿化；在本试验各施肥处理中土壤有机质均有所积累；在连年稳定施肥条件下，有机肥的施用会明显提高土壤有机质平衡值