上海市大气沉降物中多环芳烃赋存特征及其来源

以上海市大气沉降为研究对象,采集了上海市8月、9月、10月3个月的大气沉降物,分析了上海市大气沉降物中16种PAHs的质量浓度、空间分布特征和组成结构,计算了上海市8个采样点∑15PAHs大气沉降物通量.同时,采用正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型对大气沉降中的PAHs进行源解析,模型对PAHs的来源有较为细致的判读,结果表明:大气沉降物中∑16PAHs的浓度范围0.458~21.013μg/L,其中,溶解相中∑16PAHs的浓度范围为0.174~0.625μg/L,颗粒相中∑16PAHs的浓度范围为0.275 20.455μg/L.上海市∑15PAHs大气沉降通量在0.24~14.74μg/(m2×d)之间,沉降通量均值为2.77μg/(m2×d).根据PMF模型解析,机动车尾气排放为大气沉降物中PAHs的主要污染物,源贡献率为40.23%,其次,居民烹调、煤炭燃烧、石油挥发泄露和炼焦排放依次占23.73%、14.75%、14.35%和6.92%.     

最小二乘支持向量机在臭氧浓度时间序列预测中试应用

将基于统计学理论的最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)方法试用于臭氧浓度时间序列预测.首先利用臭氧浓度时间序列资料重构了该混沌动力系统的相空间,然后沿着系统演化的相轨道用最小二乘支持向量机建立了臭氧浓度短时预测模型,并用上海市淀山湖站的臭氧观测资料做了提前1～8 h和提前24 h预报试验,结果显示这一模式能够较好地模拟臭氧浓度演化轨迹,提前1～8 h的预测精度均超过90%,提前24 h预报精度亦都在68%以上,预报效果较好.     

厦门港和员当湖表层沉积物中的石油烃和多环芳香烃

2002年4月厦门港沿岸设9个站，员当湖设两个站采集表层沉积物，用有机溶剂萃取，硅胶柱色层分离，气相色谱—质谱联机带SIM数据采集系统对样品的石油烃类(M／Z=55)，多环芳香烃类进行分析，结果显示员当湖石油烃和多环芳香烃质量分数分别高达1397和1376．5ng／g。厦门港船只活动，厦门港四周工业废水、车辆燃油滴漏是石油烃和多环芳香烃污染的主要来源。     

Development of analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in airborne particulates： A review

In the present work, the different sample collection, pretreatment and analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in airborne particulates is systematacially reviewed, and the applications of these pretreatment and analytical methods for PAHs are compared in detail. Some comments on the future expectation are also presented.     

东北地区城市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征

2008年4月至2009年1月期间,在东北三省(辽宁、吉林、黑龙江)设立30个观测点位,研究了东北城市大气颗粒物中PAHs的浓度水平、分布及来源.结果表明,不同季节14种PAHs总浓度的变化范围是16.3 ～712.1 ng/m3,呈冬季高、夏季低的季节变化特征;PAHs组成以4～5环化合物为主,3～4环化合物受温度的影响较大,表现出较强的季节波动;8个城市中抚顺和吉林PAHs污染最重,城市不同功能区中以工业区污染较重;燃煤和机动车尾气是区域PAHs的主要来源.     

低浓度石油类测定过程中的问题探讨

分析了影响低浓度石油类测定的一些因素,通过合理的方法克服这些影响因素之后,测定结果才能准确可靠。试验测得1000ml水样直接萃取法测定石油类的方法检出限为0.01mg/L,证明用该方法可以定量测定石油类浓度在0.05mg/L附近的低浓度水样。     

Impacts of atmospheric pollution on the plant communities of British acid grasslands

Air pollutants are recognised as important agents of ecosystem change but few studies consider the effects of multiple pollutants and their interactions. Here we use ordination, constrained cluster analysis and indicator value analyses to identify potential environmental controls on species composition, ecological groupings and indicator species in a gradient study of UK acid grasslands. The community composition of these grasslands is related to climate, grazing, ozone exposure and nitrogen deposition, with evidence for an interaction between the ecological impacts of base cation and nitrogen deposition. Ozone is a key agent in species compositional change but is not associated with a reduction in species richness or diversity indices, showing the subtly different drivers on these two aspects of ecosystem degradation. Our results demonstrate the effects of multiple interacting pollutants, which may collectively have a greater impact than any individual agent.     

Removal of Alachlor from Water by Catalyzed Ozonation in the Presence of Fe2+, Mn2+, and Humic Substances

Abstract

The effects of Fe(II), Mn(II) and humic substances on the catalyzed ozonation of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor were investigated. Results revealed that small amounts of Fe(II), Mn(II), and humic substances could enhance the ozonation of alachlor, but larger amounts of them would retard the oxidation. These results were successfully identified by an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy/spin-trapping method that could quantify hydroxyl radicals. The production of hydroxyl radicals was obviously increased with the increasing of Fe(II) concentration, which contributed to enhance ozonation at low concentrations. But the excess Fe(II) consumed some of the radicals when it was added at a higher concentration (1.5 mg/L). However, no obvious radicals were observed when a different amount of Mn(II) was used, and the catalytic ozonation of alachlor by Mn(II) mainly followed the mechanism of “active sites created on the surface of MnO₂.” The radical pathway was followed when alachlor was ozonated with different concentrations of humic substances because of its radical initiating, promoting, and inhibiting effects.     

Environmental monitoring of complex hydrocarbon mixtures in water and soil samples after solid phase microextraction using PVC/MWCNTs nanocomposite fiber

A novel nanocomposite based on incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was prepared. Proposed nanocomposite was coated on stainless steel wire by deep coating. Composition of nanocomposite was optimized based on results of morphological studies using scanning electron microscopy. The best composition (83% MWCNTs:17% PVC) was applied as a solid phase microextraction fiber. Complex mixture of aromatic (BTEX) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₅–C₃₄) were selected as model analytes, and performance of proposed fiber in extraction of the studied compounds from water and soil samples was evaluated. Analytical merits of the method for water samples (LODs = 0.10–1.10 ng L⁻¹, r² = 0.9940–0.9994) and for soil samples (LODs = 0.10–0.77 ng kg⁻¹, r² = 0.9946–0.9994) showed excellent characteristics of it in ultra trace determination of petroleum type environmental pollutants. Finally, the method was used for determination of target analytes in river water, industrial effluent and soil samples.     

Occurrence and source analysis of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure, soil, vegetables and groundwater from organic vegetable bases, northern China

The residue of antibiotics is becoming an intractable environmental problem in many organic vegetable bases. However, their residual levels and distribution are still obscure. This work systematically analyzed the occurrence and migration of typical veterinary antibiotics in organic vegetable bases, northern China. The results showed that there was no obvious geographical difference in antibiotic distribution between soil and manure. A simple migration model can be easy and quick to predict the accumulation of antibiotics in soil. Antibiotics were mainly taken up through water transport and passive absorption in vegetables. The distribution of antibiotics in a plant was in the sequence leaf > stem > root, and performed biological accumulation. The residues of antibiotics in all samples in winter were significantly higher than those in summer. Overall, this work can lay the foundation for understanding ecological risk of antibiotics and their potential adverse effects on human health by food chain.