焦化厂不同污染源作用下土壤PAHs污染特征

根据生产工序的不同将焦化场地划分为堆煤区、炼焦区、化产区,共采集40组土壤样品,分析各类污染源作用下场地PAHs污染程度、分布、影响途径及组成特征等.结果表明,场地处于严重污染水平且BaP是健康风险首要关注污染物.按ΣPAHs含量中位数排序,化产区（1733.87mg/kg）>炼焦区（32.86mg/kg）>堆煤区（21.21mg/kg）.对应污染途径依次为化工副产品的泄漏及填埋、烟粉尘大气沉降、煤粉（渣）降雨淋滤.异构体比值法判定的污染源不能明显区分各工序的土壤污染特点且存在偏差,利用ω（低环PAHs）/ω（高环PAHs）比值法进行排序,化产区深层（7.39）>化产区表层（1.33）>堆煤区（1.06）>炼焦区（0.39）,PAHs组成特征受污染源自身特性及外环境作用共同所致.4~5环PAHs是该焦化场地的特征污染物,化产区、堆煤区土壤中Nap、Phe占ΣPAHs比重较高,而炼焦区以BbF、Fla、Chry为主要组分.     

增温和锌复合作用对菠菜富集多环芳烃的影响

目前有关增温和重金属复合作用对植物富集疏水性有机物的影响研究还鲜有报道.本文通过构建土壤-大气-植物密闭微宇宙,分析土壤、大气和植物中多环芳烃（Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）的浓度及土壤中PAHs降解菌基因的拷贝数,进而探究增温（+6℃）和锌胁迫（100~600 mg·kg^-1）及两者复合作用对菠菜富集4种氘代PAHs及其致癌风险的影响.结果表明,增温使菠菜根部中PAHs的浓度降低了1.5%~20.4%,这是由于增温促进了土壤中PAHs的生物降解,进而导致PAHs自由溶解态浓度降低;另外,增温也降低了根部脂肪的含量,从而降低PAHs在根部的富集作用.然而,菠菜根部中PAHs的浓度随土壤中锌浓度的增加而增加,且增加比例为1.2%~91.7%,这主要是因为锌抑制了土壤中PAHs的降解,进而增加了PAHs的自由溶解态浓度;另外,锌胁迫还增加了菠菜根部细胞膜的通透性,进而促进根部吸收PAHs.增温和锌胁迫条件下,菠菜茎叶中PAHs的浓度分别降低了7.3%~51.1%和增加了3.0%~76.9%,与对根部富集PAHs的影响一致,这归因于茎叶中的PAHs主要来源于根部的向顶运输而非大气的茎叶吸收.增温和锌复合作用对菠菜富集PAHs具有拮抗作用,这是因为两者对土壤中PAHs的生物降解具有相反的影响.在无外源PAHs输入下,增温和锌胁迫分别会降低和增加PAHs的总致癌风险.     

废旧轮胎翻新过程中多环芳烃排放及健康风险

对废旧轮胎翻新过程(露天堆放、混炼、硫化、打磨过程)和工人宿舍楼的环境空气中16种PAHs的排放特征进行了分析,并对工人的职业健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,废旧轮胎翻新过程及宿舍楼空气中都检测出PAHs.混炼过程PAHs浓度最高,其次是露天堆放过程和硫化过程,打磨过程的PAHs浓度最低,而工人宿舍楼PAHs平均浓度为11.1 ng·m~(-3).所有采样点的菲、荧蒽、蒽和芘对PAHs的总浓度的贡献较大,且与总浓度的线性相关性较强.从环数分析发现各采样点的PAHs主要集中在三环和四环,二环、五环和六环占比不超过10%.通过PAHs的可能影响因数分析发现露天堆放和宿舍楼可能受燃烧源的影响,而混炼、硫化及打磨过程可能受胶油类的影响.主成分分析和聚类分析结果显示,废旧轮胎翻新过程各采样点和彼此间的空间位置会对多环芳烃的分布产生较大影响.健康风险评价结果表明:职业工人终身致癌危险度几率较小,职业工人的预期寿命损失影响也不大.     

石家庄城市地表灰尘中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源

采用高效液相色谱法,对2017年2月12~19日所采集的石家庄市64个地表灰尘样品中16种优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量和组分特征进行分析,并运用比值法和主成分因子载荷法揭示其污染来源。结果表明,16种PAHs的总量(Σ16PAHs)范围为0.897~81.458 mg/kg,平均值为8.138 mg/kg,其中Fla的含量最高为1.136 mg/kg,Flu最低为0.129 mg/kg,强致癌物质Bap为0.567 mg/kg。7种致癌多环芳烃(Σ7CPAHs)的含量范围为0.213~43.690 mg/kg,平均值为3.402 mg/kg,占Σ16PAHs的41.80%。与国内外其他城市相比,石家庄城市地表灰尘中PAHs含量处于较高水平,且以4环为主。来源分析结果表明,石家庄市地表灰尘中PAHs主要来源于化石燃料的燃烧,以石油燃烧为主,其方差贡献率为69.30%,柴油燃烧和石油泄漏的方差贡献率分别为8.67%和7.43%。由石家庄灰尘中PAHs的空间分布分析得出交通源对石家庄二环内冬季灰尘中PAHs贡献显著。     

Large variability in ambient ozone sensitivity across 19 ethylenediurea-treated Chinese cultivars of soybean is driven by total ascorbate

The sensitivity of Chinese soybean cultivars to ambient ozone(O3) in the field is unknown,although soybean is a major staple food in China. Using ethylenediurea(EDU) as an O3 protectant, we tested the gas exchange, pigments, antioxidants and biomass of 19 cultivars exposed to 28 ppm·hr AOT40(accumulated O3 over an hourly concentration threshold of40 ppb) over the growing season at a field site in China. By comparing the average biomass with and without EDU, we estimated the cultivar-specific sensitivity to O3 and ranked the cultivars from very tolerant( 10% change) to highly sensitive( 45% change), which helps in choosing the best-suited cultivars for local cultivation. Higher lipid peroxidation and activity of the ascorbate peroxidase enzyme were major responses to O3 damage, which eventually translated into lower biomass production. The constitutional level of total ascorbate in the leaves was the most important parameter explaining O3 sensitivity among these cultivars. Surprisingly, the role of stomatal conductance was insignificant. These results will guide future breeding efforts towards more O3-tolerant cultivars in China, while strategies for implementing control measures of regional O3 pollution are being implemented. Overall, these results suggest that present ambient O3 pollution is a serious concern for soybean in China, which highlights the urgent need for policy-making actions to protect this critical staple food.     

Characteristics of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from industrial grade biomass boilers

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are carcinogenic or mutagenic and are important toxic pollutants in the flue gas of boilers. Two industrial grade biomass boilers were selected to investigate the characteristics of particulate-bound PAHs: one biomass boiler retro-fitted from an oil boiler(BB1) and one specially designed(BB2) biomass boiler. One coal-fired boiler was also selected for comparison. By using a dilution tunnel system, particulate samples from boilers were collected and 10 PAH species were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS). The total emission factors(EFs) of PAHs ranged from 0.0064 to0.0380 mg/kg, with an average of 0.0225 mg/kg, for the biomass boiler emission samples. The total PAH EFs for the tested coal-fired boiler were 1.8 times lower than the average value of the biomass boilers. The PAH diagnostic ratios for wood pellets and straw pellets were similar.The ratio of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/[indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene + benzo(g,h,i)perylene] for the two biomass boilers was lower than those of the reference data for other burning devices, which can probably be used as an indicator to distinguish the emission of biomass boilers from that of industrial coal-fired boilers and residential stoves. The toxic potential of the emission from wood pellet burning was higher than that from straw pellet burning, however both of them were much lower than residential stove exhausts.     

滇池流域宝象河水库沉积物中多环芳烃的垂直分布特征及来源解析

采用GC-MS检测了滇池宝象河水库沉积物中16种美国环保署(US EPA)优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并对其垂直分布特征及来源进行分析,以此了解宝象河水库近年来PAHs的变化.结果表明,水库沉积物中16种PAHs均有检出,其含量范围为162.26~762.24ng·g~(-1),平均值为423.30 ng·g~(-1).自底层50 cm至表层,沉积物中PAHs含量呈上升趋势.从多环芳烃环数来看,沉积物中的PAHs以2~3环为主,其含量为128.34~518.81 ng·g~(-1),平均值为279.88 ng·g~(-1),占PAHs总量的42.2%~84.1%,平均值为67.6%.FLA/(FLA+PYR)、Ba A/(Ba A+CHR)和Icd P/(Icd P+Bghi P)3组比值及PAHs各组分的分析结果表明,燃烧过程是沉积物中PAHs的主要来源,主要为煤炭、生物质的燃烧.PAHs含量与总有机碳(TOC)之间有显著正相关关系,TOC影响宝象河水库沉积物中PAHs的分布.     

生物炭输入土壤对其石油烃微生物降解力的影响

以木屑和麦秆为原料,在300℃和500℃下热解制备生物炭,分析了生物炭输入对大港油田污染土壤中总石油烃及其组分(正链烷烃n C8~C40和16种PAHs)微生物降解效果的影响.结果表明,生物炭输入强化了土壤中总石油烃及其组分的生物降解.生物炭原料的选取对烷烃降解影响显著,对PAHs影响较小;高温制备生物炭对污染物降解的强化效果较好,这归因于生物炭表面性质和降解微生物种类的不同.土壤中加入生物炭后,低环PAHs的降解效率显著高于高环PAHs.添加典型的土壤易分解有机质(葡萄糖)产生正激发作用,导致生物炭矿化,促进了烷烃降解,抑制了PAHs的去除.可见,生物炭输入可有效促进石油烃的微生物降解,对修复石油污染土壤起正效应.     

日本地下水污染防治经验及其启示

日本持续开展了20多年的地下水污染调查评估工作,在地下水污染防治领域已属于国际领先水平。通过总结日本在地下水污染防治相关法律法规体系构建、地下水环境调查评估、地下水污染修复技术研究、地下水污染整治资金筹措等方面的先进经验,提出了我国在地下水环境保护方面的相关对策和建议。     

地下水脆弱性评价和污染风险管理

地下水脆弱性评价和风险评估是地下水污染防治的有用工具和工作步骤,是地下水资源管理和地下水污染修复的重要依据。文章对地下水脆弱性评价和污染风险评价的研究背景和进展进行了简要综述,提出了目前地下水脆弱性评价研究中存在的问题,并对今后基于风险管理的地下污染环境修复及其总体思路进行了展望。