N和P对锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiellat trochoidea)生长及孢囊形成的影响

在实验室设置了5个N、P浓度梯度,研究了它们对锥状斯氏藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）营养细胞生长和孢囊形成的综合效应。结果表明,当N、P浓度分别超过10和1．5μg／L时,就能维持锥状斯氏藻一定的种群数量,而在高N、P浓度组（N浓度为500μg／L,P浓度为74μg／L组）的生长势态明显优于其他浓度组,稳定生长期持续时间较长,且有着较高的细胞比生长速率。孢囊一般在营养细胞达到稳定生长期后开始形成,但低营养盐浓度组孢囊开始形成的时间较早。各试验组孢囊形成率相近,最终形成率为17．8％～35．6％。     

植物N/P与土壤pH值对湿地植物物种丰富度的影响

通过人工控制模拟试验,研究了植物中全氮与全磷之比(植物N/P)和土壤pH值与湿地植物物种丰富度的关系.结果表明,湿地物种丰富度与植物N/P之间呈单峰变化关系,当2.09.5时,氮、磷供应平衡系统可能被破坏,湿地物种逐渐减少.物种丰富度与土壤pH值表现为显著的正相关关系(RP>2P>=0.526),当pH值为5.6～6.8时,物种丰富度随着土壤pH值增加而增加.通过方差分析,土壤pH值和植物N/P对物种丰富度的影响分别为37.96%和15.29%.     

Interference with xenobiotic metabolic activity by the commonly used vehicle solvents dimethylsulfoxide and methanol in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae but not Daphnia magna

Organic solvents, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and methanol are widely used as vehicles to solubilise lipophilic test compounds in toxicity testing. However, the effects of such solvents upon innate detoxification processes in aquatic organisms are poorly understood. This study assessed the effect of solvent exposure upon cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated xenobiotic metabolism in Daphnia magna and zebrafish larvae (4 d post fertilisation). Adult D. magna were demonstrated to have a low, but detectable, metabolism of ethoxyresorufin in vivo and this activity was not modulated by pre-exposure to DMSO or methanol (24 h, up to 0.1% and 0.05% v/v, respectively). In contrast, the metabolism of ethoxyresorufin in zebrafish larvae was significantly reduced by both solvents (0.1% and 0.05% v/v, respectively) after 24 h of exposure. In zebrafish, these observed decreases in activity towards ethoxyresorufin were accompanied by decreased expression of a variety of genes coding for drug metabolising enzymes (corresponding to CYP1, CYP2, CYP3 and UDP-glucuronyl transferase [UGT] family enzymes), measured by quantitative PCR. Reduction of gene expression and CYP1 enzyme activities by methanol (0.05% v/v) in zebrafish larvae was partially reversed by co-exposure with Aroclor 1254 (100 μg L⁻¹). Overall this study suggests that relatively low concentrations of organic solvents can impact upon the biotransformation of certain xenobiotics in zebrafish larvae, and that this warrants consideration when assessing compounds for metabolism and toxicity in this species.     

水钠锰矿的Mn（Ⅲ）分布及Na4P2O7溶液处理对其铅吸附性能的影响

以深入理解水钠锰矿结构中低价锰离子的含量及分布对其铅吸附性能的影响为目的,通过不同pH（pH为2、4、5）的焦磷酸钠溶液络合浸提酸性水钠锰矿结构中的Mn（Ⅱ）和Mn（Ⅲ）,研究了浸提锰离子的形态、含量、矿物的锰平均氧化度和Pb2＋的吸附量及其伴随Mn2＋、H＋释放量的变化.结果表明,锰平均氧化度为3.670的酸性水钠锰...     

菌根和间作对滇池流域红壤磷素迁移的影响

为了研究菌根和间作对滇池流域红壤磷迁移的减控影响,根据2013年5—10月采集的6次径流水样,通过田间小区试验,选取玉米/大豆间作的红壤径流区,以单作玉米、单作大豆为对照,并设置抑菌处理(施用苯菌灵)和未抑菌处理,模拟分析间作和菌根处理复合作用下的径流磷迁移特征. 结果表明:除7月19日外,整个雨季各处理下径流中ρ(TP)、ρ(可溶性磷)和ρ(颗粒态磷)随采样时间均无明显变化;所有组合处理中,未抑菌-间作处理下径流中ρ(TP)最低,比单作玉米、单作大豆分别降低25.6%、12.2%;无论是否抑菌,玉米/大豆间作处理可使径流中ρ(可溶性磷)较单作玉米处理降低约24.7%;未抑菌处理下,玉米/大豆间作处理径流中ρ(颗粒态磷)比单作玉米、单作大豆分别降低约14.3%、20.2%,并且在玉米/大豆间作条件下,未抑菌处理径流中ρ(颗粒态磷)显著低于抑菌处理. 另外,无论是何种种植模式,抑菌处理下土壤中w(TP)均显著高于未抑菌处理,增幅在9.0%以上;抑菌条件下,间作玉米处理下土壤中w(TP)、w(速效磷)较单作玉米处理显著降低;与抑菌-单作玉米处理相比,未抑菌-间作玉米处理下土壤中w(TP)和w(速效磷)也分别降低了0.25 g/kg和2.56 mg/kg. 研究显示,菌根真菌协同玉米/大豆间作体系可在一定程度上减少坡耕地红壤磷的径流流失,对滇池流域农业非点源污染具有一定削减潜力.      

络合萃取技术分离制药废水中的金刚烷胺

以P204为络合剂萃取水溶液中的金刚烷胺,研究了正辛醇和煤油2种稀释剂对萃取效果的影响,分析了萃取过程的络合机理和热力学过程,并考察了该萃取体系对实际制药废水中金刚烷胺的萃取效果。结果表明,采用P204/正辛醇=3：2的复配萃取剂,在初始pH为8.0,在油/水相比为1：1的条件下,金刚烷胺的萃取效率可以达到99.8%以上;以2.0 mol/L的HCl溶液为反萃取剂,可以将51.1%的负载金刚烷胺反萃回收;红外光谱分析表明,P204对金刚烷胺的萃取遵循离子交换和离子缔合成盐机制;萃取过程为放热过程,低温条件下有利于萃取反应的进行;P204/正辛醇复配萃取剂对实际制药废水中的金刚烷胺也具有很高的萃取效率。     

Effects of Soil Amendments at a Heavy Loading Rate Associated with Cover Crops as Green Manures on the Leaching of Nutrients and Heavy Metals from a Calcareous Soil

The potential risk of groundwater contamination by the excessive leaching of N, P and heavy metals from soils amended at heavy loading rates of biosolids, coal ash, N‐viro soil (1:1 mixture of coal ash and biosolids), yard waste compost and co‐compost (3:7 mixture of biosolids to yard wastes), and by soil incorporation of green manures of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) and sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × S. bicolor var. sudanense) was studied by collecting and analyzing leachates from pots of Krome very gravelly loam soil subjected to these treatments. The control consisted of Krome soil without any amendment. The loading rate was 205 g pot^? 1 for each amendment (equivalent to 50 t ha^? 1 of the dry weight), and the amounts of the cover crops incorporated into the soil in the pot were those that had been grown in it. A subtropical vegetable crop, okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), was grown after the soil amendments or cover crops had been incorporated into the soil. The results showed that the concentration of NO₃‐N in leachate from biosolids was significantly higher than in leachate from other treatments. The levels of heavy metals found in the leachates from all amended soils were so low, as to suggest these amendments may be used without risk of leaching dangerous amounts of these toxic elements. Nevertheless the level of heavy metals in leachate from coal ash amended soil was substantially greater than in leachates from the other treatments. The leguminous cover crop, sunn hemp, returned into the soil, increased the leachate NO₃‐N and inorganic P concentration significantly compared with the non‐legume, sorghum sudangrass. The results suggest that at heavy loading rates of soil amendments, leaching of NO₃ ^? could be a significant concern by application of biosolids. Leaching of inorganic P can be increased significantly by both co‐compost and biosolids, but decreased by coal ash and N‐viro soil by virtue of improved adsorption. The leguminous cover crop, sunn hemp, when incorporated into the soil, can cause the concentration of NO₃‐N to increase by about 7 fold, and that of inorganic P by about 23% over the non‐legume. Regarding the metals, biosolids, N‐viro soil and coal ash significantly increased Ca and Mg concentrations in leachates. Copper concentration in leachate was increased by application of biosolids, while Fe concentration in leachates was increased by biosolids, coal ash and co‐compost. The concentrations of Zn, Mo and Co in leachate were increased by application of coal ash. The concentrations of heavy metals in leachates were very low and unlikely to be harmful, although they were increased significantly by coal ash application.     

Fe~(3+)对不同进水氮磷比藻塘水质净化效果研究

铁是动植物进行生命活动不可缺少的元素。在藻塘内,铁能够影响藻细胞生长与繁殖,影响水质净化效果。通过研究不同浓度Fe3+对小球藻生长影响,并设定进水C/N和N/P,确定适宜Fe3+对藻塘出水理化性质及其污染物去除的影响。结果表明:当c(Fe3+)为10 000 nmol/L时,藻细胞质量增加约25%。适宜浓度Fe3+可调节藻塘水体DO、p H及ORP,提高净化效果。Fe3+利用率与COD、TN和TP去除率呈线性正相关,且随进水N/P的提高而增高。当ρ(N)/ρ(P)为50,ρ(C)/ρ(N)=5时,加铁藻塘COD、TN、TP去除率分别为45.34%、77.14%、43.11%,与未加铁藻塘相比,去除率分别提高约3,5.47,9.64个百分点。因此,铁可以促进藻类的生长,当藻塘进水ρ(C)∶ρ(N)∶ρ(P)∶ρ(Fe)为250∶50∶5∶1时,可降低污染物浓度,提高去除效果。     

Rhizosphere effect of different aquatic plants on phosphorus depletion

A series of pot experiments with Alternanthera philoxeroides, Typha latifolia, Sagittaria sagittifolia and Phragmites communis were conducted to assess the phosphorus depletion effect in the rhizosphere. The ratio of root to shoot, root morphology, phosphorus uptake efficiency and phosphorus utilization efficiency were analyzed. An obvious variation in phosphorus concentrations between the rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil was observed. The water-soluble P contents in the rhizosphere soil of A. philoxeroides, T. latifolia, S. sagittifolia and P. communis were reduced by 81%, 42%, 18% and 16%, respectively, compared with that in the non-rhizosphere soil. A. philoxeroides had the highest phosphorus uptake efficiency (1.32 mg/m), while T. latifolia achieved the effective phosphorus depletion by the strong rooting system and the high phosphorus uptake efficiency (0.52 mg/m). T. latifolia not only used phosphorus to produce biomass economically, but also adjusted carbon allocation to the roots to explore the soil for more available phosphorus. A. philoxeroides and T. latifolia were more effective in depleting phosphorus in the rhizosphere than S. sagittifolia and P. communis.     

应用AERMOD计算卫生防护距离方法探讨

针对目前环评工作中计算确定工业企业卫生防护距离几种常见方法的不足和局限性,本文提出应用美国环保局推出的第二代法规模式AERMOD模型计算卫生防护距离的方法,并比较三种计算方法的优劣,提出确定工业企业卫生防护距离的最终可行方案。