NO参与铝诱导蚕豆保卫细胞死亡的调控

铝(Al)是地壳中含量最丰富的金属元素,是酸性土壤中导致植物生长抑制和作物产量下降的一个主要因素,但铝毒性作用机制尚不清楚.本文以蚕豆叶表皮为材料,研究铝胁迫对气孔保卫细胞活性的影响,探讨NO在铝诱导细胞死亡中的作用.结果表明,一定浓度的A1Cl3可诱导气孔保卫细胞活性降低,部分细胞死亡,且随着铝浓度的增高细胞死亡率增高.死细胞呈现核固缩、核崩解、凋亡小体等典型凋亡特征,且凋亡抑制剂Z-Asp-CH2-DCB能阻止AlCl3诱发的细胞死亡.用NO清除剂c-PTIO、NO合酶抑制剂L-NAME或硝酸还原酶抑制剂NaN3降低铝处理组胞内NO后,细胞死亡率显著降低,胞内ROS、Ca2+水平同期降低;NaN3还能降低铝处理组中具有程序性死亡特征的细胞比率.用ROS清除剂AsA清除铝处理组胞内ROS后,细胞死亡率显著降低,胞内Ca2+和NO水平亦显著降低;铝处理液中加入Ca2+通道抑制剂LaCl3后,细胞死亡率低于铝单独处理组,胞内ROS和NO水平无明显改变.研究结果表明,铝胁迫引起的胞内NO合成增加通过Ca2+信号途径介导了保卫细胞的程序性死亡.     

高岭土负载纳米Fe/Ni同时去除水中Cu2+和NO3-

工业废水常含有不同污染物如重金属离子和无机阴离子,而如何有效去除复合污染物就成为环境科学前沿研究的挑战性课题.这些污染物因化学性质不同而导致去除机理和途径也不同.本文采用合成高岭土负载纳米双金属Fe/Ni(K-Fe/Ni)同步去除水中Cu2+和NO-3.结果表明K-Fe/Ni能有效去除水中Cu2+和NO-3,但它们的去除效果却会相互受到影响.在Cu2+浓度为200mg·L-1时,NO-3的去除率达到42.5%;而未加入Cu2+时,NO-3的去除率仅有26.9%,说明Cu2+的存在提高了NO-3降解效率.同样,水中NO-3的存在也影响Cu2+的去除(Cu2+去除率从99.7%降到96.5%).但NO-3浓度对去除Cu2+的影响小于Cu2+浓度对NO-3的影响.通过BET比表面积、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能量散射(EDS)和X射线光电分析(XPS)对K-Fe/Ni表征的结果显示,反应后K-Fe/Ni的表面存在铁的氧化物、Ni0和被还原的Cu0.基于以上结果,我们发现K-Fe/Ni同步去除水中Cu2+和NO-3的机理是:高岭土负载下的纳米Fe0作为还原剂,在Ni0的催化产氢作用下将Cu2+还原成Cu0并沉积在K-Fe/Ni上而形成纳米Fe/Ni/Cu三金属催化剂,从而加速催化水中NO-3降解.     

简讯

原油泄漏对生态系统服务功能的影响面对生态灾难时,决策学工具可以用来评估处置选项、并推论其对于生态系统服务(ES)的危险.影响图(DIs)是明确显示针对某一问题所作决定及其希望或不希望结果的概率网络图.为检验IDs对于泄露漏处置的概率性风险管理,制作1个ID来展示DWH事件中泄漏事件之间的潜在互动、费用与泄漏原没对ES的冲击之间的取舍及处置决定.定量认识并没有正式包含在内,但是检验了1个这样的ID平台.概率分配给ID中的条件关系,而不同处置行动对于     

Influence of dissolved organic matter character on mercury incorporation by planktonic organisms：An experimental study using oligotrophic water from Patagonian lakes

Ligands present in dissolved organic matter （DOM） form complexes with inorganic divalent mercury （Hg^2＋） affecting its bioavailability in pelagic food webs. This investigation addresses the influence of a natural gradient of DOM present in Patagonian lakes on the bioaccumulation of Hg^2＋ （the prevailing mercury species in the water column of these lakes） by the algae Cryptomonas erosa and the zooplankters Brachionus calyciflorus and Boeckella antiqua. Hg^2＋ accumulation was studied through laboratory experiments using natural water of four oligotrophic Patagonian lakes amended with^197Hg^2＋. The bioavailability of Hg^2＋ was affected by the concentration and character of DOM. The entrance of Hg^2＋ into pelagic food webs occurs mostly through passive and active accumulation. The incorporation of Hg^2＋ by Cryptomonas, up to 27% of the Hg^2＋ amended, was found to be rapid and dominated by passive adsorption, and was greatest when low molecular weight compounds with protein-like or small phenolic signatures prevailed in the DOM. Conversely, high molecular weight compounds with a humic or fulvic signature kept Hg^2＋ in the dissolved phase, resulting in the lowest Hg^2＋ accumulation in this algae. In Brachionus and Boeckella the direct incorporation of Hg from the aqueous phase was up to 3% of the Hg^2＋ amended. The dietary incorporation of Hg^2＋ by Boeckella exceeded the direct absorption of this metal in natural water, and was remarkably similar to the Hg^2＋ adsorbed in their prey. Overall, DOM concentration and character affected the adsorption of Hg^2＋ by algae through competitive binding, while the incorporation of Hg^2＋ into the zooplankton was dominated by trophic or dietary transfer.     

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu II. Molecular species and their depth attenuation

The understanding of organic phosphorus(P) dynamics in sediments requires information on their species at the molecular level,but such information in sediment profiles is scarce.A sediment profile was selected from a large eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu(China),and organic P species in the sediments were detected using solution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(31 P NMR) following extraction of the sediments with a mixture of 0.25 mol/L NaOH and 50 mmol/L EDTA(NaOH-EDTA) solution.The results showed that P in the NaOH-EDTA extracts was mainly composed of orthophosphate,orthophosphate monoesters,phospholipids,DNA,and pyrophosphate.Concentrations of the major organic P compound groups and pyrophosphate showed a decreasing trend with the increase of depth.Their half-life times varied from 3 to 27 years,following the order of orthophosphate monoesters > phospholipids DNA > pyrophosphate.Principal component analysis revealed that the detected organic P species had binding phases similar to those of humic acid-associated organic P(NaOH-NRP HA),a labile organic P pool that tends to transform to recalcitrant organic P pools as the early diagenetic processes proceed.This demonstrated that the depth attenuation of the organic P species could be partly attributed to their increasing immobilization by the sediment solids,while their degradation rates should be significantly lower than what were suggested in previous studies.     

科技潮流

日前,美国能源部丙北太平洋国家实验室称,美国能源部将在田纳西州、加利福尼亚州和纽约州的食杂冷藏储运车上推广使用燃料电池,这项清洁技术的应用将有助于大幅削减污染物排放。     

化学铁盐辅助除磷对生物除磷的影响研究

化学辅助除磷有助于污水厂实现磷达标,但其对生物系统存在潜在的影响。针对除磷药剂对生物除磷过程的影响展开研究,选用硫酸亚铁进行化学辅助除磷。药剂形成的化学污泥干扰生物除磷过程且成分复杂,故以磷酸铁、氢氧化铁模拟化学污泥,由钾离子、K/P摩尔比计算出同步除磷中的生物除磷,来探讨化学污泥对聚磷菌释磷/吸磷过程的影响。结果表明,连续投加硫酸亚铁使聚磷菌的释磷量、吸磷量降低;系统中磷酸铁含量0.075 mmol/L时聚磷菌的释磷和吸磷能力提高了约25%,磷酸铁含量0.15 mmol/L时对聚磷菌吸磷有抑制作用;氢氧化铁对聚磷菌释磷、好氧初期吸磷均有抑制作用。生物污泥与化学污泥存在交互作用。     

磁性纳米Fe_3O_4对毒死蜱的增效和催化降解研究

应用溶剂热法制备了磁性纳米Fe3O4(NMFO),并用聚乙二醇-6000对其进行改性,使纳米Fe3O4表面由亲水性转变为亲脂性,从而实现与亲脂性毒死蜱的复合。纳米Fe3O4的加入使毒死蜱的生物活性明显提高。室内毒力试验结果表明:含0.2%纳米Fe3O4的Fe3O4/毒死蜱制剂的毒力在室内和紫外光照下分别是同浓度纯毒死蜱的3.84倍和4.17倍;其降解率也显著提高,纳米Fe3O4/毒死蜱制剂在太阳光照下放置10 d,其降解率可达93.2%,相同条件下纯毒死蜱的降解率是10.14%,而将添加或未添加纳米Fe3O4的毒死蜱于暗处放置相同的时间,其降解率分别为1.21%和0.23%。     

硝酸改性活性炭特征及其催化臭氧氧化性能

采用硝酸氧化对颗粒活性炭进行改性处理,研究了硝酸改性后活性炭结构和表面化学性质,及其对酸性大红3R的吸附能力和催化臭氧氧化去除效果的影响。结果表明,硝酸改性后,活性炭比表面积减小,微孔孔容减小,中孔孔容增大。活性炭表面以羧基为主的酸性含氧官能团随着硝酸改性浓度提高而显著增加,并对其吸附能力和催化臭氧氧化能力产生显著影响。硝酸改性活性炭吸附能力在碱性条件下由于表面酸性官能团和酸性大红3R之间的静电作用而有所降低;在酸性条件下由于二者的色散作用而增强。表面酸性官能团在碱性条件下参与臭氧分解,产生·OH,增强了硝酸改性活性炭对酸性大红3R的催化臭氧氧化去除效果。     

福州市霾天气大气结构分析及其预报研究

福州为福建省霾天气高发区之一。文章利用2006-2010年历史探空数据以及福州站地面观测资料中常规数据,结合天气形势,开展基于V-3θ方法的福州霾低能见度天气预报研究,研究结果表明:当福州处于暖区辐合内部时霾发生率最高,其次是变性冷高压和高空槽,而低涡切变及台风和热带辐合带则不易出现霾;V-3θ结构图上判断霾天气发生的主要要素为厚度超过25 hPa的逆温层及其上下的滚流特征、中低层非均匀结构以及暖层云;预判霾天气消散的大气结构特征主要为风场的变化,分别为整层顺滚流结构和整层逆滚流结构;根据上述要素的特征及变化趋势对2011年针对福州市霾天气进行预报检验,取得一定的预报效果,霾日的预报准确率达77%。