一种新型复合球填料在低浓度污水再生回用中的应用研究

新型复合球填料为沸石与悬浮球填料的有机组合体,密度约为0.92～0.97g/cm3,比表面积为711～1185m2/m3,表面粗糙,物化性能稳定.在曝气量为20∶1,停留时间为6 h时,装有新型复合球填料的反应柱挂膜容易,成膜时间短,膜不易脱落,且生物相丰富.膜成熟时对生活污水中的氨氮和COD都有很好的去除效果,出水氨氮浓度≤2 mg/L,去除率≥93%;出水COD浓度≤22 mg/L,去除率≥80%.新型复合球反应柱在稳定状态处理低浓度的二级出水时,出水氨氮浓度≤2 mg/L,去除率≥89%,出水COD浓度为10～36 mg/L,去除率为48%～81%.出水水质符合GB50335-2002标准.     

生物膜与A／O工艺耦合快速降解氨氮

应用由城市污水处理厂序批式间歇反应器（SBR）中筛选得到的4株特殊氨氧化菌，分别在SBR和有回流的生物膜与A／O工艺耦合体系培养中，考察其降解低碳高氨氮废水的功能。结果表明，自养硝化与异养氨氧化菌的混合菌群较单一自养硝化菌株降解氨氮速率快；在生物膜与A／O工艺耦合系统中，自养硝化与异养氨氧化菌协同代谢加速氨氮氧化脱除，氨氮脱除速率远比SBR系统快。对生物膜与A／O工艺耦合系统中氨氮脱除动力学进行了研究，模拟了NH4^＋、NO2^-；质量浓度与氨氮脱除比速率之间的关系，模型得到了较好的验证。     

施加磷元素后对小麦抗重金属铜毒性的影响

将小麦幼苗放在含有不同浓度磷元素（1 mmol/L和10 mmol/L）和铜元素（0.16μmol/L、100μmol/L和1 mmol/L）的培养液中处理12 h后,观察植物体内铜元素的含量、叶绿素含量、抗坏血酸循环的变化.结果表明,当培养液中施加的铜元素浓度相同时,施加较高浓度的磷（10 mmol/L）能促进植物根部吸收和积累铜,并能促进铜元素从根部向地上部的运输.此外,实验结果还表明,当培养液中都含有较少量的铜（0.16μmol/L）元素时,比较磷浓度对植物体内生理反应的影响时,发现在含有高浓度磷的培养液中培养的小麦体内的受到较少的膜质过氧化损伤,光合色素的含量保持稳定.但是,当培养液中有较高浓度的铜元素（100μmol/L和1 mmol/L）时,施加高浓度的磷反而加剧了植物体内的膜质过氧化损伤和引起光合色素的分解,从而不利于植物正常的生长发育.     

光助Ce-Fe/Al2O3催化H2O2降解阳离子红GTL模拟废水

利用Ce-Fe/Al₂O₃为催化剂的非均相光Fenton体系降解阳离子红GTL模拟废水，考察了H₂O₂浓度、催化剂用量、初始pH值及不同工艺过程对降解效果的影响，通过紫外-可见漫反射光谱、红外光谱、XPS手段研究铁在反应中的价态变化。结果表明，在11 W低压汞灯照射下，非均相光Fenton体系能够有效地降解结构稳定的阳离子红GTL，在pH 6，反应温度20℃，时间90 min，Ce-Fe/Al₂O₃ 2 g/L，H₂O₂浓度340 mg/L，含50 mg/L阳离子红GTL模拟废水TOC去除率为92.40%；光Fenton反应中Fe(Ⅲ)转化为Fe(Ⅱ)。     

Study of oil-water partitioning of a chemical dispersant using an acute bioassay with marine crustaceans

The toxicity of seawater dispersions of a chemical dispersant to two marine crustaceans was investigated in the presence and absence of various quantities of a non-toxic mineral oil. From the results and a physical-chemical partitioning analysis, a limiting value of the oil-water partition coefficient of the toxic compounds is deduced suggesting that essentially all of the toxic compounds in the dispersant will partition into solution in water following dispersant application to an oil spill. This conclusion simplifies interpretation and prediction of the toxic effects of a dispersed oil spill.The combined bioassay-partitioning procedure may have applications to the study of the toxicity of other complex mixtures such as industrial effluents.     

Comparative studies of the Fe–UV, H2O2–UV, TiO2–UV/vis systems for the decolorization of a textile dye X-3B in water

The degradation of a common textile dye, Reactive-brilliant red X-3B, by several advanced oxidation technologies was studied in an air-saturated aqueous solution. The dye was resistant to the UV illumination (wavelength λ  320 nm), but was decolorized when one of Fe³⁺, H₂O₂ and TiO₂ components was present. The decolorization rate was observed to be quite different for each system, and the relative order evaluated under comparable conditions followed the order of Fe²⁺–H₂O₂–UV  Fe²⁺–H₂O₂ > Fe³⁺–H₂O₂–UV > Fe³⁺–H₂O₂ > Fe³⁺–TiO₂–UV > TiO₂–UV > Fe³⁺–UV > TiO₂–visible light (λ  450 nm) > H₂O₂–UV > Fe²⁺–UV. The mechanism for each process is discussed, and linked together for understanding the observed differences in reactivity.     

Metabolism of the herbicide chlortoluron by human cytochrome P450 3A4

Studies were carried out to investigate the metabolism of herbicide chlortoluron in the microsomal fractions and whole cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing human cytochrome P450 3A4. Both whole cells and microsomal fractions of yeast expressing human cytochrome P450 3A4 exhibited a typical dithionite-reduced, CO-difference absorbance spectrum with maximum absorbance at 448 nm. Chlortoluron produced a type I binding spectrum with cytochrome P450 3A4 with a K_s value of 200 μM. Chlortoluron was metabolised into four metabolites; hydroxylated-N-monodemethylated, hydroxylated ring methylated, N-didemethylated and N-monodemethylated products. Chlortoluron metabolism was absolutely dependent on NADPH and no metabolism was observed in control transformants.     

Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in the presence of primary substrate by immobilized pure culture bacteria

In this study, pure strains that are capable of utilizing 2,4,6-trichlorophenol have been isolated from the mixed culture grown on substrates containing chlorophenolic compounds. Studies have been carried out on the capability of these isolated pure strains in suspended and immobilized forms to decompose 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Additionally, the influence of primary substrates (e.g., phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol) on the decomposition of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by the isolated pure strains grown in immobilized form is also investigated. The results are: Through bacterial isolation and identification, three pure strains have been obtained: Pseudomonas spp. strain 01, Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 and Agrobacterium spp. Whether in suspended or immobilized forms, all strains have poor removal efficiencies of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. However, addition of 200 mg/l phenol will enable the immobilized Pseudomonas spp. strain 01, and Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 to achieve 65% and 48% removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, respectively. Addition of phenol will assist the immobilized Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 in achieving removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol but the removal efficiency is not good if the phenol concentration is too low. The optimum phenol concentration should be between 200 and 400 mg/l.     

Decreased blood level of β2-microglobulin in the employees of a factory which produced polychlorinated biphenyls

Under the project of evaluating the health status of the employees of CHEMKO factory (East Slovakia) which produced PCBs between 1955 and 1985, the level of β₂-microglobulin (β₂-m) was measured in the serum of 242 subjects from CHEMKO (Group A) and two control groups from much less polluted areas: 1. 277 females from a small mountainous village (Group B), 2. 179 adults from the area of a large city of Ko ice (Group C). The level of thymidine kinase (TK) was measured in the groups A and B only. In addition, age-matched groups of 155 women each from all areas were evaluated. In both the whole group and the age-matched group from CHEMKO the level of β₂-m was significantly lower (P<0.001) than that in the respective control groups, while no difference was found in the level of TK. In conclusion, it is suggested that the decrease of β₂-m in CHEMKO employees might be related to the immunotoxic effects of organochlorines.