Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

小分子有机碳对土壤中六氯苯厌氧降解及挥发的影响

采用密封培养瓶装置,研究了红壤性水稻土和乌栅土在添加乙酸、葡萄糖、柠檬酸时六氯苯(HCB)的厌氧降解行为,同时分析了土壤pH变化、碳源转化过程中甲烷和二氧化碳的释放及六氯苯的挥发.结果表明,8周内红壤性水稻土中HCB减少了约20%～44%,加入乙酸抑制HCB的降解,表明低pH条件不利于脱氯反应,加入葡萄糖和柠檬酸在前期抑制后期则促进HCB的降解;乌栅土中HCB减少了约21%～23%,加入小分子有机质对其降解没有明显的效果;六氯苯降解的主要产物为五氯苯(PCB),最终检测到红壤性水稻土中PCB为23～96 μg/kg,乌栅土中为64～92 μg/kg; HCB的降解与CH4和CO2的释放量在统计学上没有显著的相关性;2种土壤中,外加小分子有机碳均减少了HCB的挥发作用,且红壤性水稻土中HCB的挥发比乌栅土中更强,表明土壤有机质是影响HCB挥发的重要因子.     

太湖流域水源地悬浮颗粒物中的PAH、OCP和PCB

于2010年5月和9月分别对太湖流域水源地悬浮颗粒物(SPM)中的PAH、OCP和PCB的残留水平进行了检测和分析.结果表明,研究区PAH、OCP和PCB的含量分别为806.9~3815.3ng/g、10.04~50.86ng/g和2.20~5.06ng/g.与5月份相比,9月份的大部分采样点三种污染物含量有所增加.PAH中HMW-PAHs的含量占优势,主要来源于石油类排放、石油及其精炼产品的不完全燃烧,少量来源于煤和生物质的不完全燃烧.OCP中DDTs的含量占优势,研究区有新的HCHs和林丹输入,但DDTs没有新的输入.Aroclor检出率最高的为Aroclor1016与Aroclor1260,这可能与我国主要生产和使用的PCBs产品有关.相对于国内外其他地区监测结果和评价标准,研究区SPM所受PAH、OCP和PCB污染较轻,大部分地区均低于生态影响低值LEL,生态风险较小.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and related compounds: the blood levels of young Japanese women.

We investigated PCDDs and related compounds in the blood of young Japanese women, approximately 20 years of age, who had not yet had children, and discussed how the TEQ level of PCDDs and related compounds in their blood may affect the next generation. Means of total TEQ levels were 0.063 pg/g for whole blood basis and 21 pg/g for lipid basis. TEQ of PCDDs, PCDFs and coplanar PCBs accounted for about 43, 34 and 23% of the total TEQ in the whole blood basis, respectively. In the lipid basis, their values were about 44, 34 and 22%, respectively. Previously, we investigated PCDDs and related compounds levels in mother's breast milk, lymphocyte subpopulation and thyroid function of their children, and found negative correlations between the TEQ level of PCDDs and related compounds and CD4+/CD8+, and/or the TEQ level of PCDDs and related compounds and the T₄ level in 36 mothers and children. Of these cases, the average age was approximately 28 years. PCDDs and related compounds may be related to immunopathy, such as atopic dermatitis. The effects of PCDDs and related compounds on babies of young Japanese women are important and must be further evaluated.     

Dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans on fly ash

Dechlorination of commercial mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) as well as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) on extracted and non-extracted fly ash obtained from municipal waste incinerator (MWI) was studied in closed systems under nitrogen atmosphere at temperatures of 260°C and 340°C. Decomposition results (given as the difference between PCB or PCDD/F molar amounts before and after the experiment (in %) due predominantly to dechlorination reactions) and detoxification data (expressed similarly but related to toxic PCB and PCDD/F congeners only and given in I-TEQ units) are reported. Detoxification of Delor 105/80T at 260°C and 340°C at a loading of 0.65 wt% was 99.48% and 100%, respectively. The decomposition of Delor 103 at 340°C and for the loading of 0.75 wt% corresponded to 99.99%. The detoxification capability of PCDD/Fs on extracted and non-extracted fly ash for loading of 130 and 264 ng/0.4 g of fly ash at 340°C made 96 and 98%, respectively.     

四氯联苯在草木灰上的吸附/解吸特征及吸附动力学研究

测定分析了草木灰的孔隙结构、表面性质及化学组成,研究了PCB52在草木灰上的吸附动力学、吸附等温线及解吸等温线的特征,结果表明Freundlich方程和二级动力学方程具有较高的拟合相关系数,说明吸附可能是复杂的多层吸附过程,且明显分为快速吸附和慢速吸附2个过程。解吸等温线呈现出非线性,且有一定的滞后性。随着草木灰浓度的增加HI值减小,即解吸滞后程度减小,且在高平衡浓度的条件下表现出更小的HI值,说明其更容易从吸附剂上解吸下来。     

曝气池中噬菌体分布及作用的研究

噬菌体是广泛分布于自然界的细菌病毒,由于它在寄主、分布、耐受性等方面与某些致病、致癌病毒基本一致,以及单链核酸噬菌体专一雄性感染方式等特点,近年来在环境科学中正获得愈来愈多的应用。例如噬菌体被用来预测农作物中细菌病原菌的曝发;作为生活用水的污染指标和江河湖泊水流流速、流向的追踪剂。 在污水处理站曝气池中的生态学研究中多年来科学工作者广泛研究了微型动物、真菌、放线菌、酵母和细菌的分类、分布以及它们之间的相互作用。其中不论从数量上、种类     

环渤海地区2,4,4''-三氯联苯的多介质归趋模拟

为探究多氯联苯(PCBs)在环渤海地区的环境多介质迁移和归趋行为,本研究以2,4,4′-三氯联苯(PCB28)为目标污染物,基于区域尺度多介质城乡逸度模型,模拟了稳态条件下PCB28在各环境相中的浓度分布、总量分配以及相间迁移过程,并对模型的输入参数和输出结果分别进行了敏感性和不确定性分析.结果表明,PCB28在淡水、农村土壤、城市土壤和沉积物中的模拟浓度与实测浓度吻合较好,验证了模型的可靠性.PCB28在城市土壤中的浓度最大,浓度均值为5.26×10~(-6) mol·m~(-3),在农村大气中的浓度最小,浓度均值为5.79×10~(-14) mol·m~(-3).当环境系统达到平衡时,土壤是PCB28最主要的"汇",占其在环境中总储量的96.45%.大气相与其他环境相间的相互迁移过程是PCB28在环渤海地区进行空间迁移的主导过程.大气传输是PCB28最主要的入海途径,从农村大气到海水的迁移通量占总入海通量的97.22%.参数敏感性分析结果表明PCB28排放速率、栅格规模及与迁移速率相关的参数是影响大气相中PCB28浓度的关键参数.不确定性分析结果表明PCB28在农村大气和城市大气中的浓度分布都符合对数正态分布,其变异系数分别为0.44和0.41.     

Synthesis,separation and structure determination of 2,3,3'‐trichlorobiphenyl (PCB 20)† and 3,3’,4‐trichlorobiphenyl (PCB35)†

The combined synthesis and spectrometric characterization of 2,3,3'‐trichlorobiphenyl (PCB 20) and 3,3’,4‐trichlorobiphenyl (PCB 35) is described for the first time. By a combination of highly efficient column distillation and repeated recrystallizations it was possible to isolate the two products as reference materials with a purity exceeding 99%. X‐ray analysis of crystals of 2,3,3'‐trichlorobiphenyl positively identified the substitution pattern of the biphenyl moiety by chlorine atoms. The two phenyl rings are at an angle of 52°, while the relative disposition of the chlorine atoms on both rings is closer to anti than to syn.     

Photocatalytic decomposition on nano-TiO₂: destruction of chloroaromatic compounds

Photocatalysis is applied increasingly in addressing and solving environmental and energy-related problems. Especially the TiO₂-derived catalysts attract attention because of their catalytic efficiency, wide range of applications, ease in use, and low cost (it costs about 150 Yuan a kilogram in China). This review first describes the principles of photocatalytic destruction by semiconductors and then focuses on degradation rates and reaction mechanisms in a variety of photocatalytic uses of modified TiO₂. Finally, these concepts are illustrated by selected examples relating to the photocatalytic degradation of organic persistent pollutants, such as polychlorinated benzenes (PCBz), biphenyls (PCB) and dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). And some approaches towards industrial application are analyzed.