Congener-specific egg contribution of polychlorinated biphenyls to nestlings in two passerine species

Quantifying polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residues in nestlings of avian species is a common method for assessing trophic transfer and risk at PCB-contaminated sites. The proportion of nestling PCB mass due to maternal transfer is often accounted for by subtracting total PCB mass in eggs from nestlings. However, variation in physicochemical properties and metabolism among congeners may lead to differences between egg contribution based on total PCBs and dioxin-like congeners. We examined congener-specific variation in contribution of PCBs from eggs to nestlings in tree swallows and European starlings. Egg contribution of total PCB mass was 14.3 and 16.2%, respectively, whereas contribution based on dioxin-like congeners was 14.8 and 13.6%, respectively. These data suggest that using total PCB mass in eggs to adjust estimates of PCB accumulation in nestlings may not reflect patterns for dioxin-like congeners, potentially over or under-estimating the risk of toxicity of PCBs.     

印刷线路板在复合环境下的腐蚀

印刷线路板几乎会出现在每一种电子设备当中,它是以绝缘材料辅以导体配线所形成的结构元件。印刷线路板的腐蚀形式符合大气腐蚀的基本规律,但又有自己的特点。本文概述了印刷线路板在气体污染物、灰尘、潮湿、高温等多因素复合环境条件下的失效形式及腐蚀机理,其主要的腐蚀形式是:电偶腐蚀、电解腐蚀和缝隙腐蚀;文中还简单总结了印刷线路板腐蚀的主要影响因素,其主要的影响因素是:湿度、温度、腐蚀性气体和固态污染物等。     

直流电晕自由基簇射处理PCB热解废气的动力学模拟

对直流电晕自由基簇射处理PCB热解废气进行详细的模拟研究。在推导计算直流电晕簇射一次自由基产率和构建完整化学动力学机理体系的基础上,采用Chemkin软件栓塞流反应模型对不同条件下的热解废气降解过程进行详细的动力学模拟,并获得重要的数据参考。结果表明,输入气体温度为298～323K和电极气湿度接近0．06mg／mL是相对较好的降解条件。在此条件下,处理FR4型PCB热解气（降解率达85％以上）所需消耗的能量仅为1．044（kW·h）／kg。     

Simplified heating time calculation using the Schmidt graphical method for PCB-contaminated capacitors undergoing the vacuum thermal recycling process

We discuss the use of the Schmidt graphical method to calculate the time required to heat a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated capacitor in the vacuum thermal recycling process to the processing temperature of 400°C, and we evaluate the results of the heating time calculation by comparing the calculated values with the corresponding experimental values. The thermal conductivity and specific heat of the insulating paper and the carbonized paper in the capacitor were unknown, so we determined their values from experimental data obtained during the vacuum thermal recycling process. The capacitor element is a multilamination of aluminum foil and insulating paper, so we used an equation for a multilayer plane wall to calculate the value of the thermal conductivity. For the thermal conductivity and specific heat of the insulating paper impregnated with PCBs, we used values calculated from the mass ratios and thermal conductivities and specific heats of the individual materials. In addition, the physical properties vary according to the treatment because of the evaporation of PCBs and the carbonization of the insulating paper, so we modified the values of the thermal conductivity, specific heat, and density at the boiling point of the PCB and the carbonization point of the insulating paper before performing the calculations. Our calculated heating times were almost the same as, or were above, the experimental values, so we concluded that our method can be used as a simple calculation of the heating time.     

超临界CO_2流体回收线路板的试验研究

超临界CO2流体技术被应用于废旧线路板的回收研究,利用高温高压回收装置对线路板进行了回收处理,采用质谱法分析了超临界CO2流体中的固体溶质。试验结果表明,线路板中的溴化环氧树脂在处理过程中发生了O-CH2键、C(苯基)-C键以及C(苯基)-Br键的断裂,从而将其分解为了以羟基和苯基为主要官能团的小分子量物质;由此阐明了超临界CO2流体回收线路板的机理,并指出了进一步研究超临界CO2流体回收废旧线路板的重点。     

海绵铁除磷技术研究

研究了锰砂、海绵铁金属多孔物质对含磷废水的处理。结果表明：在最佳实验条件下，海绵铁与锰砂的混合物对磷的吸附容量大于9mg/g，磷的去除率在89％以上。     

板级电子产品加速因子预计方法研究

针对长寿命、高可靠电子产品加速因子的确定极为困难以及需要获取大量的可靠性试验数据的难题,在合理假设的基础上,提出了板级电子产品的加速因子预计方法,推导了综合预计模型。该方法基于平均失效率的概念,采用由底层数据向上层结构综合的思想,利用产品各组成单元的加速因子和平均失效率以及综合加速因子预计模型,将各单元信息进行了综合,得到了板级电子产品的等效加速因子。所预计的加速因子既可为产品的加速试验条件的制定提供参考,也可为小子样产品的可靠性与寿命评估增加信息量。最后,采用该方法对某通讯设备上的印制电路板温度影响下的加速因子进行了预计,得到了合理的结果,证明了该方法是正确的、有效的。     

四氯联苯在草木灰上的吸附/解吸特征及吸附动力学研究

测定分析了草木灰的孔隙结构、表面性质及化学组成,研究了PCB52在草木灰上的吸附动力学、吸附等温线及解吸等温线的特征,结果表明Freundlich方程和二级动力学方程具有较高的拟合相关系数,说明吸附可能是复杂的多层吸附过程,且明显分为快速吸附和慢速吸附2个过程。解吸等温线呈现出非线性,且有一定的滞后性。随着草木灰浓度的增加HI值减小,即解吸滞后程度减小,且在高平衡浓度的条件下表现出更小的HI值,说明其更容易从吸附剂上解吸下来。     

长江口以北沿海主要经济贝类中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分布及评价

本文调查研究了我国长江口以北沿海几种主要经济贝类体中有机氯农药及多氯联苯的残留量。结果表明，从鸭绿江口到长江口的各种经济贝类均已受到有机氯农药６６６，ＤＤＴ及ＰＣＢ的污染影响，以６６６的影响最为普遍，但其含量均远低于评价标准，食用价值尚未受到影响，生物质量尚好，河口地区的污染物含量较高。     

小分子有机碳对土壤中六氯苯厌氧降解及挥发的影响

采用密封培养瓶装置,研究了红壤性水稻土和乌栅土在添加乙酸、葡萄糖、柠檬酸时六氯苯(HCB)的厌氧降解行为,同时分析了土壤pH变化、碳源转化过程中甲烷和二氧化碳的释放及六氯苯的挥发.结果表明,8周内红壤性水稻土中HCB减少了约20%～44%,加入乙酸抑制HCB的降解,表明低pH条件不利于脱氯反应,加入葡萄糖和柠檬酸在前期抑制后期则促进HCB的降解;乌栅土中HCB减少了约21%～23%,加入小分子有机质对其降解没有明显的效果;六氯苯降解的主要产物为五氯苯(PCB),最终检测到红壤性水稻土中PCB为23～96 μg/kg,乌栅土中为64～92 μg/kg; HCB的降解与CH4和CO2的释放量在统计学上没有显著的相关性;2种土壤中,外加小分子有机碳均减少了HCB的挥发作用,且红壤性水稻土中HCB的挥发比乌栅土中更强,表明土壤有机质是影响HCB挥发的重要因子.