RESEARCH: Comparison of Temporal Trends in Ambient and Compliance Trace Element and PCB Data in Pool 2 of the Mississippi River, USA, 1985–1995

6+ ), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Water-column, bed-sediment, and fish-tissue (fillets) data collected by five government agencies comprised the ambient data set; effluent data from five registered facilities comprised the compliance data set. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall trend test indicated that 33% of temporal trends in all data were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Possible reasons for this were low sample sizes, and a high percentage of samples below the analytical detection limit. Trends in compliance data were more distinct; most trace elements decreased significantly, probably due to improvements in wastewater treatment. Seven trace elements (Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, and Zn) had statistically significant decreases in wastewater and portions of either or both ambient water and bed sediment. No trends were found in fish tissue. Inconsistency in trends between ambient and compliance data were often found for individual constituents, making overall similarity between the data sets difficult to determine. Logistical differences in monitoring programs, such as varying field and laboratory methods among agencies, made it difficult to assess ambient temporal trends.     

流动系统内生物膜的形成及控制

应用辐射流动室（Ｒａｄｉｃａｌ Ｆｌｏｗ Ｃｈａｍｂｅｒ,ＲＦＣ）技术宣地研究水力剪切力对硝化细菌在聚苯乙烯（ＰＳ）载体表面固定的。发现水力剪切力直接影响硝化细菌的固定。当作用于ＰＳ表面的水力剪切力大于８．０Ｎ／ｍ＾２时,硝化细菌基本不能在ＰＳ表面险境着;水力剪切力小于８．０Ｎ／ｍ＾２时,硝化细菌的固定程度随剪切力的减小而加强,直至达到最大,实验表明辐射液动室技术为定量研究生物膜形成及控制与水力剪     

基因重组细胞在环境样品多氯联苯检测中的应用

为发展快速、简便和廉价的检测环境和生物样品中的多氯联苯技术,本研究利用重组有绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)和荧光素酶(Luc)报告基因的2个细胞系,检测从野外环境中所采集的水、底泥和生物样品中的多氯联苯的含量.研究结果表明,GFP和Luc荧光强度与多氯联苯标样浓度的相关性很好,相关系数分别达到0.99188和0.98239;具有很好的剂量-效应关系.与气相色谱-电子捕获器法(GC-ECD)的仪器分析比较,GFP和Luc的荧光强度与环境样品中的多氯联苯化合物含量也具有很好的相关性.因此可用于受多氯联苯污染的环境样品筛选和半定量快速、简便、廉价检测.     

亚铁活化过硫酸钠氧化预处理电镀废水

针对电镀生产过程产生的难降解、高浓度的有机废水,采用Fe~(2+)活化过硫酸钠产生硫酸根自由基的高级氧化技术对其进行预处理。重点探讨了S_2O_8~(2-)投加量、n(Fe~(2+))∶n(S_2O_8~(2-))、废水pH等因素对有机物去除及废水可生化性的影响。实验结果表明,常温下,在S_2O_8~(2-)投加量为4.0 g/L、n(Fe~(2+))∶n(S_2O_8~(2-))为1.00、废水pH为7.0的条件下,废水的处理效果最佳,反应20 min后COD去除率可达70%,BOD_5/COD从原水的0.21升至0.40,废水的可生化性大幅提高,能够满足深度生化处理的要求。     

The role of lipids in fermentative propionate production from the co-fermentation of lipid and food waste

● Lipid can promote PA production on a target from food waste. ● PA productivity reached 6.23 g/(L∙d) from co-fermentation of lipid and food waste. ● Lipid promoted the hydrolysis and utilization of protein in food waste. ● Prevotella , Veillonella and norank _f _Propioni bacteriaceae were enriched. ● Main pathway of PA production was the succinate pathway. Food waste (FW) is a promising renewable low-cost biomass substrate for enhancing the economic feasibility of fermentative propionate production. Although lipids, a common component of food waste, can be used as a carbon source to enhance the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) during co-fermentation, few studies have evaluated the potential for directional propionate production from the co-fermentation of lipids and FW. In this study, co-fermentation experiments were conducted using different combinations of lipids and FW for VFA production. The contributions of lipids and FW to propionate production, hydrolysis of substrates, and microbial composition during co-fermentation were evaluated. The results revealed that lipids shifted the fermentation type of FW from butyric to propionic acid fermentation. Based on the estimated propionate production kinetic parameters, the maximum propionate productivity increased significantly with an increase in lipid content, reaching 6.23 g propionate/(L∙d) at a lipid content of 50%. Propionate-producing bacteria Prevotella, Veillonella, and norank_f_Propionibacteriaceae were enriched in the presence of lipids, and the succinate pathway was identified as a prominent fermentation route for propionate production. Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes functional annotation revealed that the expression of functional genes associated with amino acid metabolism was enhanced by the presence of lipids. Collectively, these findings will contribute to gaining a better understanding of targeted propionate production from FW.     

羟基杀灭赤潮裸甲藻研究

羟基自由基水溶液杀灭赤潮微生物裸甲藻的实验。海水羟基比值浓度达到0.68mg/L时,裸甲藻、细菌从0.89×104/mL、5.2×105/mL减少到低于检测方法的低限值;羟基水溶液比值浓度达到0.6mg/L时,微生物的叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素含量均低于检测方法的最低限值。实验数据表明羟基是治理赤潮的绿色有效方法。     

络合滴定法测定工业废水中的硫酸根离子

通过对乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）滴定检测硫酸根离子法的改进，实现了可以同时消除钙、镁及其他重金属离子、碳酸根离子、磷酸根离子干扰的目的。该方法简单、快捷、准确度高，加标回收率为96．38％－99．69％，变异系数为1．2％－1．49％，尤其适用于污染较为严重水体的分析。     

过硫酸钠氧化脱色罗丹明B——影响因素和机理

采用过硫酸钠(PDS)直接氧化和催化活化氧化脱色罗丹明B(RhB),分别考察了PDS剂量、pH、催化剂、Cl-浓度对RhB脱色的影响.结果表明,PDS在无外加催化剂下能够有效脱色RhB,pH越低,脱色率越高;当pH 2.4,PDS用量为3.5 g·L^-1,在120 min内RhB的脱色率可达92%;自由基淬灭实验表明,酸性条件下主要为PDS直接氧化脱色RhB,并存在小部分硫酸根自由基(SO₄4·-)作用.在pH 5.6、pH 8.0条件下,外加活性炭纤维(ACF)、四氧化三铁(Fe₃O₄4)、Fe₃O₄4负载型催化剂(ACF/Fe3O₄4)可促进PDS对RhB脱色;在pH 2.4条件下,外加ACF对RhB脱色的促进作用较小,Fe₃O₄4、ACF/Fe₃O₄4对RhB脱色有一定抑制作用.不同pH和催化剂处理下,低浓度Cl-(0.01、0.04 mO₄l·L^-1)对RhB脱色速率都呈现抑制作用,高浓度Cl-(0.08 mO₄l·L^-1)相对于低浓度Cl-处理都呈促进作用.不同浓度Cl-处理在反应前60 min RhB脱色速率差异较大,而反应120 min后脱色率差异较小.提出Cl-通过调控SO₄4·-脱色RhB途径来影响RhB脱色速率的机理,Cl-竞争消耗SO₄4·-降低RhB脱色速率,但经一系列反应生成的Cl2·-能与RhB快速反应而提高RhB脱色速率;Cl-对RhB的脱色反应速率的影响存在抑制-促进双重机制,且与Cl-浓度相关.研究结果为基于PDS直接氧化和催化氧化处理含盐染料废水的研究和应用提供了一定的理论依据.     

羟基自由基和水合电子降解对叔丁基酚的研究

采用电子束辐照水溶液的方法产生水合电子（e_aq^-）,研究了e_aq^-与对叔丁基酚（4-t-BP）的反应,结果表明还原性的e_aq^-不能降解4-t-BP.同时,采用254nm紫外光辐照H₂O₂来产生羟基自由基（·OH）,研究了UV//H₂O₂体系对4-t-BP的降解效果,考察了4-t-BP初始浓度,H₂O₂的添加浓度,溶液初始pH值等因素对反应的影响,结果表明4-t-BP初始浓度越低,H₂O₂的浓度越高,则越有利于反应的进行;溶液pH=6时是反应的最佳pH值.采用HPLC结合GC-MS的分析方法对反应的中间产物进行了定性分析,得出对叔丁基邻苯二酚,对叔丁基酚二聚体和对苯二酚等3种主要中间产物,归纳总结了4-t-BP与·OH的反应路径.     

Fe-Mn-sepiolite as an effective heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for the decolorization of reactive brilliant blue

A study of the decolorization of reactive brilliant blue in an aqueous solution using Fe-Mn-sepiolite as a heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst has been performed. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the catalyst showed bending vibrations of the Fe-O. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the catalyst showed characteristic diffraction peaks of α-Fe₂O₃, γ-Fe₂O₃ and MnO. A four factor central composite design (CCD) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate and optimize the important variables (catalyst addition, hydrogen peroxide dosage, initial pH value and initial dye concentration). When the reaction conditions were catalyst dosage= 0.4 g, [H₂O₂]= 0.3 mL, pH= 2.5, [reactive brilliant blue]_o = 50 mg·L⁻¹, and volume of solution= 500 mL at room temperature, the decolorization efficiency of reactive brilliant blue was 91.98% within 60 min. Moreover, the Fe-Mn-sepiolite catalyst had good stability for the degradation of reactive brilliant blue even after six cycles. Leaching of iron ions (<0.4 mg·L⁻¹) was observed. The decoloring process was reactive brilliant blue specific via a redox reaction. The benzene ring and naphthalene ring were first oxidized to open ring; these were then oxidized to the alcohol and carboxylic acid. The reactive brilliant blue was decomposed mainly by the attack of ·OH radicals including surface-bound ·OH radicals generated on the catalyst surface.