南黄海中部表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及来源分析

通过对南黄海中部49个表层沉积物样品进行总有机碳,粒度,多环芳烃和甲基菲等GS-MS定量分析,探讨了研究区沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征,分子组成,评估南黄海中部多环芳烃污染水平并识别其来源.研究表明,南黄海中部14种多环芳烃总量(ΣPAHs)在81.63~6567.31 ng/g之间,其中优控多环芳烃(ΣEPA PAHs)11种,含量为29.2~1029.1 ng/g,平均含量255.1 ng/g,与国内外其他地区相比有机污染水平为中-低;苝为研究区内主要多环芳烃,分布较为广泛,其含量占所有PAHs的6.40%~88.85%,低含量苝与人为活动有关,而高含量苝代表了陆源有机质输入;多环芳烃组成,异构体分析和甲基菲特征表明,研究区优控多环芳烃主要为煤和高等植物燃烧或不完全燃烧产物以气溶胶形式输入,但部分样品表现出明显的石油源特性也证实了石油燃料,原油泄露产生的多环芳烃客观存在.     

夏、秋季北黄海营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响机制

基于2011年7月(夏季)和2011年10月(秋季)北黄海海域2个航次的调查资料,对北黄海夏、秋季营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响机制进行了探讨.结果表明,夏、秋季北黄海营养盐的平均浓度分别为:NO3- (1.57±1.71), (5.93±3.84) μmol/L,NO2- (0.22±0.18), (0.88±0.93) μmol/L,PO43- (0.22±0.13), (0.40±0.23) μmol/L,Si(OH)4 (4.98±2.23), (6.71±3.24) μmol/L,NH4+ (1.35±0.90), (1.23±0.69) μmol/L,夏、秋季北黄海NO3-分别占溶解无机氮的49%和74%.2个季节近岸海域表层营养盐浓度均高于中部海域,底层浓度高于表层,高值区是冷水团区.各断面营养盐的垂直分布层化现象明显,受冷水团以及水体交换混合的共同影响,浓度由表至底逐渐升高.夏、秋季表底层N/P、Si/N和Si/P比值的水平分布为近岸海域高于中部海域,且夏季北黄海浮游植物的生长繁殖受磷限制.     

Testicular DNA synthesis inhibition—an in vivo system for the detection of mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals

By binding covalently to DNA chemical mutagens and carcinogens inhibit replication, which can be measured as a decrease in thymidine incorporation into DNA. This DNA synthesis inhibition (DSI) has been determined in testicular cells of mice for a large number of compounds and has been found to correlate very well with their known mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.

Not only could this test give a qualitative answer about potential carcinogenicity or mutagenicity, but, with regard to its in vivo characteristics, could furthermore give an indication of the carcinogenic and mutagenic potency and thus be of use in the risk evaluation of chemical substances; the relationship between the DNA synthesis inhibition and the underlying alkylation of guanine ‐0⁶ by different methylating agents is demonstrated.

As toxic effects decrease thymidine incorporation, too, means are discussed for distinguishing between “true”;, mutagenic, and “false”;, cytotoxic, DNA synthesis inhibition.

In conclusion, the implications of including the DSI‐test in a battery of mutagenicity tests are outlined.     

Pah characteristics in ambient air within a steel industrial complex

Ambient air samples at ten sites in an iron and steel industrial complex were collected from June to December for analyzing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Sixteen species of PAH components in air samples were identified. The results indicate that both gaseous phase and particle‐bound PAHs at the top of the cokemaking plants are unusually high. The profiles of particle‐bound PAHs indicate that the predominant species at the top of, the coke oven batteries are those of high molecular weight components. The major components of particle‐bound PAHs at sampling sites near the fenceline, however, include the medium molecular weight components. The PAH profiles of air samples within the industrial complex show a strong similarity to those of cokemaking plant samples. The concentrations and the specific content of benzo(a)pyrene in the iron and steel industrial complex are higher than those values measured in urban area, petrochemical industry park, and open‐air burning area.     

杭州无车日大气细颗粒物化学组成形成机制及光学特性

在世界无车日期间对PM2.5化学组分、光学参数及气态污染物进行同步监测,评估机动车尾气排放对杭州市细颗粒物污染及能见度的影响.结果表明:管制期间NO2、NOx、CO和PM2.5浓度分别为45.0, 50.8, 1119, 85.8μg/m3,比平日分别下降了17.5%、23.3%、20.6%和32.6%.管制期间PM2.5中OC、EC和二次无机组分浓度为8.58, 4.29, 25.95μg/m3,比管制前下降了13.8%、12.6%和15.7%,管制后则达到20.24, 10.85, 27.39μg/m3,上升了136.0%、152.7%和5.5%.管制期间较高的NO3-/PM2.5和NOR(0.15)表明PM2.5的形成更多受二次无机转化影响,管制后PM2.5中上升的OC、EC比例和较低的NOR(0.07)则说明PM2.5主要来自机动车排放的碳质组分的贡献.硫酸盐、硝酸盐、有机气溶胶和EC是最主要的消光组分,共解释了总消光系数的74.0%~89.7%.管制后,机动车排放的有机物和EC消光比例达到26.6%和24.6%,大气消光系数则达到438.7Mm-1,比管制期间上升了60.5%,表明机动车污染排放已成为影响杭州大气细颗粒物污染和能见度下降的重要因素.     

广州市交通干线附近细颗粒污染特征

利用中山大学大气环境监测平台数据,对广州市交通干线附近的ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁)进行了统计学分析,以研究交通干线附近细颗粒污染特征及变化规律. 结果表明:2008—2012年广州市PM_2.5超标严重,但ρ(PM_2.5)有所下降. 受季节性污染源及气象因素影响,广州市夏季ρ(PM_2.5)平均值为42μg/m3,明显低于春、秋、冬三季. ρ(PM_2.5)在工作日与周末差异明显,周末明显高于工作日,而ρ(PM₁)在工作日与周末差异不明显. ρ(PM_2.5)与ρ(PM₁)日变化趋势基本一致,整体上呈白天低、夜晚高,上午低、下午高的特征. ρ(PM_2.5)日变化呈单峰,19:00左右达到最大值(53μg/m3);而ρ(PM₁)呈双峰变化,在20:00左右达到高峰值(43μg/m3),上午09:00左右也有一小峰值(37μg/m3). ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁)的相关性较好,R(相关系数)为0.94,PM₁是PM_2.5的主要构成颗粒,所占比重平均值为0.65. ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁)均与交通流量存在相关性,在白天和夜晚变化趋势相一致,但交通流量白天与ρ(PM_2.5)更为密切,夜晚则与ρ(PM₁)更为密切.      

北京市西三环地区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特性

于2012年3—12月在北京市西三环地区按粒径分6级采集大气颗粒物样品,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对颗粒物样品中16种优控PAHs(多环芳烃)进行分析. 结果表明:颗粒物中ρ(∑₁₆PAHs)(PAHs的总质量浓度)季节变化显著,表现为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季,并且与ρ(PM)(PM为颗粒物)呈良好线性相关;不同粒径颗粒物中ρ(PAHs)呈向小粒子富集的趋势,PM_2.1中ρ(PAHs)约占ρ_sum(∑₁₆PAHs)〔6级颗粒物中ρ(∑₁₆PAHs)总和〕的64%~87%;除夏季3环PAHs占优势外,其他季节均以4~ 5环PAHs占优势;同时,随着粒径的减小,PAHs有向高环数富集的趋势. 运用主成分分析和多元线性回归法进行源解析发现,机动车尾气排放和燃煤是本地区大气颗粒物中PAHs的主要来源;不同粒径颗粒物中的PAHs来源有差异,2.1~10.2μm粒径段颗粒物中PAHs主要来源于机动车尾气排放,贡献率为63.0%;而1.3~2.1μm和<1.3μm的颗粒物中PAHs均主要来源于燃煤,贡献率分别为56.8%和58.7%.      

云南宣威地区燃煤排放PM10的微观形貌和粒度特征

宣威地区肺癌发病率居全国首位,并且肺癌与室内燃煤关系密切. 为了解宣威地区室内燃煤排放PM₁₀的微观形貌和粒度特征,使用小流量Minivol采样器,分别于2011年1月、3月和12月对宣威地区6个代表性乡镇的18个农户及对照点——贵州六盘水幸福村2个农户室内、外的PM₁₀进行采样. 采用扫描电子显微镜分析样品的微观形貌,并对颗粒物粒度进行统计分析. 根据微观形貌特征将PM₁₀分为烟尘集合体(链状、蓬松状、密实状)、球形颗粒(燃煤飞灰和焦油球)、矿物颗粒(规则和不规则状)、生物颗粒及超细未知颗粒. 结果表明:宣威地区室内PM₁₀微观形貌差别较大;室、内外PM₁₀的粒度分布在0.1~0.4μm内的颗粒数量所占比例较大,而1μm以上颗粒体积所占比例较大;小粒径颗粒对颗粒物数量贡献较大,而少数大粒径颗粒对体积贡献较大;宣威地区和对照点室内的PM₁₀数量-粒度和体积-粒度分布相似,室外PM₁₀数量-粒度特征相似但体积-粒度分布有所差异. 宣威地区室内的烟尘集合体和球形颗粒分别占颗粒物总数的10.5%和23.6%,高于对照点 (分别为7.7%和11.3%).      

超细水雾抑制煤燃烧的模拟实验研究

为了研究超细水雾对煤燃烧的抑制效果,基于小尺寸空间抑制燃烧实验平台,研究了超细水雾对煤燃烧的抑制效果,计算在超细水雾作用下实验空间内部氧气、二氧化碳、一氧化碳体积分数的变化情况以及燃烧空间内不同部位的温度变化情况,并且与煤自由燃烧的情况做对比。研究表明超细水雾对煤燃烧的火灾发展过程有很好的抑制作用。研究结论对超细水雾应用于熄灭矿井煤炭火灾具有一定的指导意义     

Uptake of seven metals by two macrophytes species: potential for phytoaccumulation and phytoremediation

Aquatic macrophytes can be used in the studies of quality of water ecosystems and in monitoring of metals and other pollutants. The aim of this study was to assess concentration levels, accumulation and distribution of seven metals in selected plant parts of Typha angustifolia L. and Iris pseudacorus L., in comparison with sediment and water samples of a reservoir. Metal content in the samples was determined by optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES iCAP 6500). The concentrations of all examined metals were higher in the sediment than in the water samples. In plants, metal concentrations depended on plant species and organs. The roots/rhizomes were primary organs for metal concentration and accumulation. T. angustifolia L. accumulated Mn and Cu, and I. pseudacorus L. accumulated Cd and Cu in the fruits. T. angustifolia L. hyperaccumulated As. The values of enrichment coefficients and translocation factors were: 0 to 3.31 and 0 to 2.39, respectively. The plant species investigated absorb, translocate and accumulate metals in their organs differently, which provides advantages in combining them for remediation of wasted aquatic ecosystems.