三江平原小叶章湿地土壤硫的组成与垂直分布

以三江平原小叶章湿地为对象,对比研究了典型草甸小叶章湿地和沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地土壤硫的组成与垂直分布特征.结果表明,在2种小叶章湿地类型中,土壤总硫含量分别为303.39～520.83和303.74～1 219.81 mg·kg-1,平均值为391.62和513.03 mg·kg-1,均低于世界平均土壤硫含量(700 mg·kg-1).硫主要富集在土壤表层,且主要以有机硫形式存在,有机硫占总硫比例约为90%,而在有机硫中,则以碳键硫所占比例最大,占总硫比例分别为45.34%和37.24%.沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地土壤各形态硫含量及其变异性均高于典型草甸小叶章湿地.在2种湿地土壤中各形态硫都具有明显的垂直分布特征和变异性.土壤有机质含量是影响硫含量的重要因素,同时也受到土壤各粒级含量的影响,并且土壤各形态硫含量之间存在一定的相关关系.     

北京大气颗粒物中一元羧酸的季节变化和来源分析

通过膜采样溶剂提取、衍生化GC/MS分析,对2006年9月~2007年8月间北京大气PM10和PM2.5中的一元羧酸进行了观测研究.结果表明,可检出C10~C30的烷酸以及油酸、亚油酸和桐油酸3种烯酸,其中含量最高的是C16和C18 2种烷酸.PM10中,一元羧酸总浓度为61.7~1652.3ng/m3,年平均为426.2ng/m3;PM2.5中,一元羧酸总浓度为34.5~992.1ng/m3,年平均为319.6ng/m3.75%的一元羧酸分布在细粒子中,且冬、春季浓度明显高于夏、秋季.春、夏、秋、冬4个季节PM10中一元羧酸浓度分别为(625.1±403.8), (200.0±95.3), (263.0±201.1), (659.9±433.5)ng/m3; PM2.5中一元羧酸浓度为(431.7±211.0), (194.4±95.8), (207.9±160.8), (463.6±262.1)ng/m3.源解析显示,燃煤排放是冬季最主要的人为污染源;机动车排放则在其他季节贡献最大.     

利用LUR模型模拟天津市大气污染物浓度的空间分布

针对传统监测方法无法满足对大气污染物空间分布高分辨率的要求,以Arcgis为平台,利用LUR模型模拟天津市PM10和NO2年均浓度的空间分布.选取的回归变量为1~4km半径缓冲区内的道路总长度、不同土地利用类型的面积、人口密度、风向指数及距海距离,选取3个监测点的监测数据对方程进行了验证.结果表明,对PM10年均浓度影响最大的因素是缓冲区为1km的道路总长度(R2为0.560),而对NO2年均浓度影响最大的因素是人口密度(R2为0.414).多元线性回归方程计算结果显示,PM10和NO2的R2分别达到0.946和0.691;如果考虑风向的影响,R2可分别提高到0.980和0.849.对天津市中心城区建立5km′5km网格嵌套,根据多元线性回归方程计算每个网格交点的污染物浓度模拟值.通过kriging插值得到2种污染物在天津市中心城区的空间模拟分布图.PM10年均浓度分布以研究区中心最高,向四周逐渐降低;NO2的年均浓度以研究区中心最低,向四周逐渐升高.模拟结果与实际情况相符.     

三峡库区太阳能资源基本特征及其演变

利用1961-2007年的日照时数建模计算了三峡库区的太阳辐射,在此基础上对库区的太阳能资源作了全面分析和评价。结果表明：库区年总辐射量介于3200～4400MJ/m²,与德国等太阳能利用大国相当;“下游多,上游少”是资源空间分布的基本特征,且在秋、冬季差异更为明显;资源的年变化具有“夏大冬小”的特点,同时呈典型“双峰结构”,最大和次大峰值分别出现在8月和5月;库区上游太阳能季节差异大,而中、下游四季差异相对较小;库区太阳辐射以散射辐射为主（平均为64%）,上游尤其明显;1961-2007年,资源量与直射比均呈明显下降趋势,且在夏、冬季下降尤为显著,分析表明这与轻雾日数和霾日数的增加有关;自20世纪90年代初起,资源量开始回升,有利于库区太阳能的开发利用。     

兰州市大气PM10对质粒DNA的损伤

使用质粒DNA 评价法研究了2005年12月~2006年10月兰州市区、郊区大气中PM10对质粒DNA的氧化性损伤,并初步探讨了其损伤原因.结果表明, PM10对质粒DNA的氧化性损伤具有冬、夏季相对较高,春、秋季相对较低的特征.市区冬、春、夏、秋季大气PM10全样的TD20平均值分别为17,625,56,260μg/mL,水溶部分的TD20平均值分别为62,840,193,403μg/mL.沙尘暴期间和降雨数天后, PM10对质粒DNA的氧化性损伤相对较小,其全样和水溶部分的TD20值均大于1000μg/mL.PM10 全样和水溶部分的TD20值均与样品中12种水溶性微量元素总含量呈明显的负相关关系,表明PM10对质粒DNA的氧化性损伤能力主要来自其水溶性微量元素.     

Fluoride distribution in groundwater and survey of dental fluorosis among school children in the villages of the Jhajjar District of Haryana,India

Fluoride concentration of groundwater reserves occurs in many places in the world. A critical area for such contamination in India is alluvial soil of the plain region, consisting of five blocks (Jhajjar, Bahadurgarh, Beri, Matanhail, and Sahalawas) of the Jhajjar District adjacent to the National Capital Territory of India, New Delhi. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between water fluoride levels and prevalence of dental fluorosis among school children of the Jhajjar District of Haryana, India. The fluoride content in underground drinking water sources was found to vary in villages. Hence, the villages were categorized as high-fluoride villages (1.52–4.0 mg F/l) and low/normal-fluoride villages (0.30–1.0 mg F/l). The source of dental fluorosis data was school-going children (7–15 years) showing different stages and types of fluorosis who were permanent resident of these villages. The fraction of dental fluorosis-affected children varied from 30% to 94.85% in the high-fluoride villages and from 8.80% to 28.20% in the low/normal-fluoride villages. The results of the present study revealed that there existed a significant positive correlation between fluoride concentration in drinking water and dental fluorosis in high-fluoride villages (r = 0.508; p < 0.001) and insignificant correlation in low-fluoride villages.     

煤矸石中铅、铬、镉的溶出性能

以滕南煤田某煤矿风化煤矸石为研究对象,应用主成分分析法分析了煤矸石粒径对Pb,Cr,Cd溶出浓度的影响,应用回归分析法分析了浸溶时间与Pb,Cr,Cd溶出浓度的关系特征。实验结果表明：模拟湿地浸溶条件下,煤矸石中Pb,Cd,Cr溶出浓度均超出或接近Ⅲ类水体水质标准,对水环境存在污染风险;煤矸石粒径对Pb,Cd,Cr溶出浓度存在影响,粒径越小则Pb、Cr、Cd溶出浓度越大,粒径小于8.0 cm的煤矸石浸溶贡献较大。建立了表征Pb,Cr,Cd溶出浓度与浸溶时间对数（以10为底）关系的一元三次多项式回归方程,经检验均具有显著性。     

35kV并联电抗器工频电磁场分布特性研究

针对500kV变电站内产生较高工频磁场强度的电气设备——35kV并联电抗器,研究不同类型、不同排列方式下35kV并联电抗器周围工频电磁场分布规律。结果表明,35kV并联电抗器的电磁场强度随着离开电抗器中心距离的增加而降低,三角形排列的电抗器磁场强度大于水平排列的。     

湍球塔内气流分布优化的数值计算及试验

通过对湍球塔 (TCA)内三维流场的数值计算 ,找到了较佳的结构参数 ,在此基础上进行的试验表明 ,计算结果与试验结果相吻合。计算程序可为 TCA的设计及保证其长期安全经济运行提供理论依据。     

Formation characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and coplanar PCBs in fly ash from a gasification–melting process of municipal solid waste

PCDDs/DF and Co-PCB (dioxin) formations were studied with ash from a newly developed gasification and melting process for municipal solid waste. Ash samples were heated in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor. Emphasis was placed on the effects of the type and composition of ash, temperatures, gas residence time, and gaseous organic precursors. Investigations using macroscopic and homologue distribution analyses led to the following conclusion. The ash from the gasification–melting process had the ability to generate dioxins in flue gas. A possible carbon source is unburned carbon in the ash samples, although this was very low (less than 0.01%). An experimental result that the level of dioxins generated from preheated fly ash obtained from a conventional incinerator was much lower than that from nonheated fly ash supported this conclusion. Dioxin concentrations obviously showed temperature dependence and peaked at 350°C. Dioxins formed in a gasification–melting process ash were readily desorbed from the surface, probably because of the low carbon content of the ash. There was no experimental evidence that gaseous organic precursors fed to the reactor generated dioxins. Therefore, an organic precursor was not essential for the formation of dioxins. A good linear relationship obtained between PCDDs/DFs and gas residence time also supported the assumption. Received: February 14, 2000 / Accepted: June 30, 2000