油罐清洗作业火灾预防措施

油罐清洗是石油化工行业一项基本的业务活动.目前大型原油储罐、成品油储罐正在逐步推广应用自动机械清洗系统进行清罐作业,而对于容量小、沉积物较少的油罐国内仍然采用人工清洗方式进行.本文分析了油罐人工清洗作业过程中容易引发火灾的原因的基础上,从严格执行规章制度、处理好清洗废物,控制和消除引火源等几方面相应提出了预防火灾措施.     

UV/O3复合降解水中2,4-二氯酚的试验研究

以紫外光源为主要依托,变换反应器中的不同工艺条件,分别对紫外光、臭氧和紫外/臭氧三种不同于工艺条件对水中污染物2,4-二氯酚(2 ,4-DCP)的降解规律进行研究.结果表明,UV/O3复合对2,4-DCP的降解较UV、O3单独作用效果好;溶液的酸碱度影响UV/O3对2 ,4-DCP的降解;此外,溶液中含有细菌时,E. coli的杀灭效果仍表现为UV/O3＞O3＞UV.细菌的杀灭和2,4-DCP的降解均消耗羟基自由基,形成竞争反应,从而影响到2,4-DCP的降解效果.     

系统评价天然蛭石吸附氨氮的效果

采用在人工配置含氨氮的污水中投加蛭石的方法,系统研究了天然蛭石吸附污水中氨氮的饱和吸附容量以及蛭石吸附氨氮的等温吸附曲线,探讨了污水的pH值、温度、浓度对氨氮去除率的影响及各影响因子的大小,结果表明,蛭石的饱和吸附量为20 8mg/g;蛭石吸附量在pH2 0～6 0范围内随着pH的增大而增大,最佳pH为4 0～6 0;温度在15～35℃范围内,吸附量随温度的升高减小,氨氮的去除率随着蛭石用量的增加而增加,影响因素的大小顺序为:pH>蛭石的用量>吸附时间>温度。这为蛭石作为一种新型氨氮吸附材料提供了基础参数。     

红外光度法测定石油类和动植物油常见问题探讨

根据石油类在波数为2930cm-1、2960 cm-1、3030 cm-1全部或部分谱带处有物征吸收的原理,采用红外光度测油仪和水样絮凝富集技术测定石油类、动植物油。     

Hazardous wastes transboundary movement management: a case study in Taiwan

More than 50,000 tons of hazardous waste are imported and exported worldwide each year. Over 50% of hazardous waste is exported to Southeast Asia, of which leather waste is the major component. The exportation quantities of hazardous waste to Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries are decreasing while they are on the increase to non-OECD countries. Some of these wastes are intended for recycling purposes but the usage of some others is not stipulated. The hazardous waste importation quantity kept fairly steady from 1997 to 2000, of which ash or residues containing copper or copper compounds were the major component. Under existing regulations and measures, the transboundary movement of hazardous waste cannot be effectively controlled and monitored. In order to ensure environmentally sound hazardous waste management, EPA-Taiwan revised the Waste Disposal Act in 2001 and cooperated with the Industrial Development Bureau (IDB) to promote industrial waste reduction and recycling projects. Strategies were proposed based on evaluation according to the 3Es Principles and the site investigation in this study.     

湛江南珠产业振兴战略

在我国珍珠产业中,南珠具有举足轻重的地位.在分析湛江南珠产业取得成绩的基础上,详细论述了目前存在的密集养殖、种苗退化、场地老化、产品质量下降、加工技术落后、经济效益低等问题,进一步提出了振兴湛江南珠产业的战略对策.     

厌氧-好氧一体化反应器处理高浓度有机废水的运行特性研究

本实验采用新型厌氧—好氧一体化反应器处理高浓度有机废水,主要研究了系统的启动与运行性能,并对系统的NH3 N去除效果作了初步考察。实验结果表明:在16℃～24℃的自然温度下,采用递增负荷、厌氧和好氧分期启动的方式,系统可在38天内达到较好的启动效果;在系统负荷运行期内,当系统总进水COD浓度平均值为3601 8mg/L,总出水COD浓度平均值为384 0mg/L,系统容积负荷平均值为2 54kgCOD/(m3·d),系统总HRT平均值为35 1h时,系统总COD去除率平均值达90 6%。实验还发现:当进水NH3 N浓度为280 3～350 7mg/L,整个系统的NH3 N去除率在68 5%～91 7%,平均为81 0%。由此说明,本反应器具有很好的COD去除性能和NH3 N去除效果,适合于处理COD浓度高且含有中等NH3 N浓度的有机废水。     

突发事件机理体系与现代应急管理体制设计

本文为了增加对突发事件的科学认识,提升应急管理的能力水平,首先对突发事件和应急管理的内在机理进行剖析。通过分阶段、划层次地构建"4L-5S"机理分析模型,将二者划归为统一体系,以理清其逻辑内涵;然后,为顺应时代发展特征,满足应急管理的更高要求,实现应急管理工作从非常态协同应对转为常态化职能管理,对现代应急管理体制加以总体设计。从而,突发事件机理体系设计使得我国的突发事件机理研究逐渐过渡至具有阶段性和层次性,现代应急管理体制设计使得我国应急管理整合出具备现代思维理念的逻辑框架。     

The role of scientists in statutory interpretation of the U.S. Endangered Species Act

Like many federal statutes, the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) contains vague or ambiguous language. The meaning imparted to the ESA's unclear language can profoundly impact the fates of endangered and threatened species. Hence, conservation scientists should contribute to the interpretation of the ESA when vague or ambiguous language contains scientific words or refers to scientific concepts. Scientists need to know at least these 2 facts about statutory interpretation: statutory interpretation is subjective and the potential influence of normative values results in different expectations for the parties involved. With the possible exception of judges, all conventional participants in statutory interpretation are serving their own interests, advocating for their preferred policies, or biased. Hence, scientists can play a unique role by informing the interpretative process with objective, policy‐neutral information. Conversely, scientists may act as advocates for their preferred interpretation of unclear statutory language. The different roles scientists might play in statutory interpretation raise the issues of advocacy and competency. Advocating for a preferred statutory interpretation is legitimate political behavior by scientists, but statutory interpretation can be strongly influenced by normative values. Therefore, scientists must be careful not to commit stealth policy advocacy. Most conservation scientists lack demonstrable competence in statutory interpretation and therefore should consult or collaborate with lawyers when interpreting statutes. Professional scientific societies are widely perceived by the public as unbiased sources of objective information. Therefore, professional scientific societies should remain policy neutral and present all interpretations of unclear statutory language; explain the semantics and science both supporting and contradicting each interpretation; and describe the potential consequences of implementing each interpretation. A review of scientists’ interpretations of the phrase “significant portion of its range” in the ESA is used to critique the role of scientists and professional societies in statutory interpretation.     

An interdisciplinary review of current and future approaches to improving human–predator relations

In a world of shrinking habitats and increasing competition for natural resources, potentially dangerous predators bring the challenges of coexisting with wildlife sharply into focus. Through interdisciplinary collaboration among authors trained in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, we reviewed current approaches to mitigating adverse human–predator encounters and devised a vision for future approaches to understanding and mitigating such encounters. Limitations to current approaches to mitigation include too much focus on negative impacts; oversimplified equating of levels of damage with levels of conflict; and unsuccessful technical fixes resulting from failure to engage locals, address hidden costs, or understand cultural (nonscientific) explanations of the causality of attacks. An emerging interdisciplinary literature suggests that to better frame and successfully mitigate negative human–predator relations conservation professionals need to consider dispensing with conflict as the dominant framework for thinking about human–predator encounters; work out what conflicts are really about (they may be human–human conflicts); unravel the historical contexts of particular conflicts; and explore different cultural ways of thinking about animals. The idea of cosmopolitan natures may help conservation professionals think more clearly about human–predator relations in both local and global context. These new perspectives for future research practice include a recommendation for focused interdisciplinary research and the use of new approaches, including human‐animal geography, multispecies ethnography, and approaches from the environmental humanities notably environmental history. Managers should think carefully about how they engage with local cultural beliefs about wildlife, work with all parties to agree on what constitutes good evidence, develop processes and methods to mitigate conflicts, and decide how to monitor and evaluate these. Demand for immediate solutions that benefit both conservation and development favors dispute resolution and technical fixes, which obscures important underlying drivers of conflicts. If these drivers are not considered, well‐intentioned efforts focused on human–wildlife conflicts will fail.