安全监测及突发事件处理系统在安防应急中的应用

针对目前许多公共设施正在受到气体泄漏、火灾、化学事故、化学战剂和恐怖袭击等潜在的威胁,本文介绍了一种新的防范技术--依维视窗(EnviScreen)系统的功能、结构、关键技术、应用情况等,希望能引起业界的共鸣.     

Transformations of particles, metal elements and natural organic matter in different water treatment processes

Characterizing natural organic matter （NOM）, particles and elements in different water treatment processes can give a useful information to optimize water treatment operations. In this article, transformations of particles, metal elements and NOM in a pilot-scale water treatment plant were investigated by laser light granularity system, particle counter, glass-fiber membrane filtration, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, ultra filtration and resin absorbents fractionation. The results showed that particles, NOM and trihalomethane formation precursors were removed synergistically by sequential treatment of different processes. Preozonation markedly changed the polarity and molecular weight of NOM, and it could be conducive to the following coagulation process through destabilizing particles and colloids; mid-ozonation enhanced the subsequent granular activated carbon （GAC） filtration process by decreasing molecular weight of organic matters. Coagulation-flotation and GAC were more efficient in removing fixed suspended solids and larger particles; while sand-filtration was more efficient in removing volatile suspended solids and smaller particles. Flotation performed better than sedimentation in terms of particle and NOM removal. The type of coagulant could greatly affect the performance of coagulation-flotation. Pre-hydrolyzed composite coagulant （HPAC） was superior to FeCl3 concerning the removals of hydrophobic dissolved organic carbon and volatile suspended solids. The leakages of flocs from sand-filtration and microorganisms from GAC should be mitigated to ensure the reliability of the whole treatment system.     

Topsoil organic carbon mineralization and CO2 evolution of three paddy soils from South China and the temperature dependence

Carbon mineralization and its response to climatic warming have been receiving global attention for the last decade. Although the virtual influence of temperature effect is still in great debate, little is known on the mineralization of organic carbon （SOC） of paddy soils of China under warming. SOC mineralization of three major types of China＇s paddy soils is studied through laboratory incubation for 114 d under soil moisture regime of 70% water holding capacity at 20℃ and 25℃ respectively. The carbon that mineralized as CO2 evolved was measured every day in the first 32 d and every two days in the following days. Carbon mineralized during the 114 d incubation ranged from 3.51 to 9.22 mg CO2-C/gC at 20℃ and from 4.24 to 11.35 mg CO2-C/gC at 25℃ respectively; and a mineralizable C pool in the range of 0.24 to 0.59 gC/kg, varying with different soils. The whole course of C mineralization in the 114 d incubation could be divided into three stages of varying rates, representing the three subpools of the total mineralizable C： very actively mineralized C at 1-23 d, actively tnineralized C at 24--74 d and a slowly mineralized pool with low and more or less stabilized C mineralization rate at 75-114 d. The calculated Q10 values ranged from 1.0 to 2.4, varying with the soil types and N status. Neither the total SOC pool nor the labile C pool could account for the total mineralization potential of the soils studied, despite a well correlation of labile C with the shortly and actively mineralized C, which were shown in sensitive response to soil warming. However, the portion of microbial C pool and the soil C/N ratio controlled the C mineralization and the temperature dependence. Therefore, C sequestration may not result in an increase of C mineralization proportionally. The relative control of C bioavailability and microbial metabolic activity on C mineralization with respect to stabilization of sequestered C in the paddy soils of China is to be further studied.     

Organic matter and concentrated nitrogen removal by shortcut nitrification and denitrification from mature municipal landfill leachate

An UASB＋Anoxic/Oxic （A/O） system was introduced to treat a mature landfill leachate with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and high ammonia concentration. To make the best use of the biodegradable COD in the leaehate, the denitrifieation of NOx^--N in the reeireulation effluent from the elarifier was carried out in the UASB. The results showed that most biodegradable organic matters were removed by the denitrifieation in the UASB. The NH4^＋-N loading rate （ALR） of A/O reactor and operational temperature was 0.28- 0.60 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3-d） and 17-29℃ during experimental period, respectively. The short-cut nitrification with nitrite accumulation efficiency of 90%-99% was stabilized during the whole experiment. The NH4^＋-N removal efficiency varied between 90% and 100%. When ALR was less than 0.45 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3.d）, the NH4^＋-N removal efficiency was more than 98%. With the influent NH4^＋-N of 1200-1800 mg/L, the effluent NH4^＋-N was less than 15 mg/L. The shortcut nitrification and denitrifieation can save 40% carbon source, with a highly efficient denitrifieation taking place in the UASB. When the ratio of the feed COD to feed NH4^＋-N was only 2-3, the total inorganic nitrogen （TIN） removal efficiency attained 67%-80%. Besides, the sludge samples from A/O reactor were analyzed using FISH. The FISH analysis revealed that ammonia oxidation bacteria （AOB） accounted for 4% of the total eubaeterial population, whereas nitrite oxidation bacteria （NOB） accounted only for 0.2% of the total eubaeterial population.     

Effect of sulfate on the methanogenic activity of a bacterial culture from a brewery wastewater during glucose degradation

The maximum specific methanogenic activity （SMA） of a sludge originating from a brewery wastewater treatment plant on the degradation of glucose was investigated at various levels of sulfate on a specific loading basis. Batch experiments were conducted in serum bottles at pH 7 and 35℃. A comparison of the values indicates that the SMA of this mixed culture was increased and reached its highest level of 0.128 g CH4 gas COD/（g VSS.d） when biomass was in contact with sulfate at a ratio of 1：0.114 by weight.     

基于粒间接触关系的饱和砂土液化特性研究∗

为了研究饱和砂土的液化机理,通过等体积加载的方式建立了循环荷载下饱和砂土动力响应的颗粒流计算模型,研究了饱和砂土在不同围压和加载幅值下的动力响应,探讨了颗粒间力链的发展特性,并从Shannon 熵、Boltzmann 熵以及Clausius 熵的基本关系入手,建立基于粒间接触力链的饱和砂土颗粒熵计算方法,分析了颗粒熵发展特性。结果表明：饱和砂土初始总力链主要受围压的影响,围压越大,初始总力链越多;循环荷载下饱和砂土颗粒间力链总数逐渐降低,且强力链持续向中、弱力链转换;循环荷载下饱和砂土颗粒熵表现出先升高后降低的二阶段特性,围压和加载幅值对颗粒熵峰值无明显影响,各工况的颗粒熵峰值均为0.92;定义颗粒熵峰值为相变颗粒熵,相变颗粒熵时的饱和砂土表现出固液临界态的力学特征,指示了饱和砂土由固态向往返液化状态转变的临界点。     

不同两性复配修饰半碳化纤维对Pb2+的吸附差异

以聚丙烯腈为原料制备半碳化纤维（SCF）,经化学和生物两性修饰后,再以海藻酸钠进行复配修饰,得到不同的两性复配修饰SCF,通过试验考察其对Pb2+的等温吸附和动力学特征,分析pH值、温度和离子强度对Pb2+吸附的影响。结果表明：供试材料对Pb2+的吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,最大吸附量（qm）为495.09mmol/kg～770.56mmol/kg,两性和两性复配修饰后的SCF对Pb2+的吸附量提高了1.8%～55.6%。pH值升高有利于各供试材料对Pb2+的吸附,离子强度在0.01mol/L～0.5mol/L范围内,各供试材料对Pb2+的吸附量呈现先增加后减小的趋势,并在0.1mol/L时达到最大。热力学参数表明,Pb2+吸附是一个自发、吸热和熵增的过程。     

碳中和标准体系建设现状、实践及展望

通过对国内外现行和正在研制的碳中和相关标准进行梳理和归纳,结合碳中和实现路径中标准的运用实践,探究我国不同行业、不同领域碳中和标准体系建设现状。指出我国的碳中和标准体系建设存在着顶层设计和统筹机制不完善、政策与标准发展不协调、技术研发与标准结合不紧密等问题,提出了强化统筹规划和顶层设计、构建标准实施和监管体系、加快制定急需技术标准、建设绿色产品认证制度、构建绿色金融标准体系,以及推进国际交流与合作等标准化工作建议。     

农地非农化代际配置与农地资源损失

合理的资源利用要求资源配置在代际上是有效率的。在资源代际最优配置原理的基础上,建立了一个衡量农地非农化是否符合代际配置效率的宏观决策模型,对我国20世纪90年代以来的农地非农化进行了检验。结果显示,若以1989-2003年为研究区间,1989-1996年阶段东、中、西部地区的过度非农化比例分别占各自实际非农化数量的6.58%、6.84%和7.85%,反映出1989-1996年期间的农地非农化存在一定的短期行为,造成农地的过度非农化。因此,未来一段时间的农地非农化政策应该进一步控制农地非农化的速度,来保证农地资源能够在未来得到更优的利用。     

美国征收碳关税对中国碳减排和经济的影响

本文基于全球贸易分析-能源模型(GTAP-E),采用递归动态方法,全面分析美国在2020年针对中国和印度等未实施减排限额的发展中国家实施碳关税对中国碳减排与经济的影响。研究结果表明:美国征收碳关税对我国宏观经济将造成较显著冲击,将导致中国产品贸易流向、贸易结构和生产结构出现显著调整。其中,化学橡胶及塑料制品、机器设备制造、金属冶炼加工产品等隐含碳含量高且对美国市场依赖程度高的部门出口将较大幅度下降,生产遭受较严重的负面影响;此外,与这些产业部门紧密相关的上游资源产品等部门因需求降低也将受到一定的负面影响。但是,其他产业部门则由于生产要素价格下降,生产成本降低,出口和产出将有所增长。虽然美国实施碳关税能降低中国及全球碳排放,但是作用非常有限。基于研究结果,我们提出国家需要防范美国碳关税所导致的贸易和经济风险,并特别注意美国、欧盟和日本等发达国家同时采用碳关税的综合影响。另一方面,中国可以考虑基于"避免双重征税"的原则在国内主动实施碳税,以应对碳关税的实施;同时,需要加强在不同情景下中国主动征收碳税以应对碳关税的相关研究。