中国杀虫剂类POPs生命周期评价方法框架研究

确定了中国杀虫剂类POPs生命周期评价方法框架,指出评价方法中的难点在于对人体毒性潜力和生态毒性潜力的计算,并提出了基于杀虫剂类POPs特点的改进方法。     

湄洲湾水体中持久性有机污染物的污染特征与风险评估

对湄洲湾海域表层水体中的持久性有机污染物(POPs)的特征进行了综合的调查分析.结果显示,湄洲湾水体中有机氯农药(OCPs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度分别为:1.51~10.3ng/L[平均值(4.28±2.72)ng/L]、5.31~42.6ng/L[平均值(18.52±10.58)ng/L]、125~167ng/L[平均值(145±11.8)ng/L].与国内其他海域水体相比,湄洲湾的POPs污染均处于中等偏低的水平.湄洲湾海域水体中不同种类的POPs空间分布存在较大差异.HCHs分布表明该区域存在工业品HCHs和林丹的使用;滴滴涕(DDTs)则以工业早期残留为主并伴有新的污染输入;沿岸的化工企业排放的污水可能是该海域PCBs的主要来源;PAHs主要来源石油源,这与该海域密集的油码头与频繁的船运有关.依据目前的环境控制标准判定,湄洲湾海域水体中POPs仅PCBs的浓度有超出风险值限定,可能对生态环境造成危害,应采取相应的污染物控制与减排措施.     

Dioxin- and POP-contaminated sites—contemporary and future relevance and challenges

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Once they have been generated, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can persist in soils and sediments and in waste repositories for periods extending from decades to centuries. In 1994, the US EPA concluded that contaminated sites and other reservoirs are likely to become the major source of contemporary pollution problems with these substances. With this in mind, this article is the first in a new series in ESPR under the title 'Case Studies on Dioxin and POP Contaminated Sites--Contemporary and Future Relevance and Challenges', which will address this important issue. The series will document various experiences from sites contaminated with PCDD/F and other POPs. This article provides an overview of the content of the articles comprising the series. In addition, it provides a review of the subject in its own right and identifies the key issues arising from dioxin/POP-contaminated sites. Additionally, it highlights the important conclusions that can be drawn from these examples. The key aim of this article and of the series as a whole is to provide a comprehensive overview of the types of PCDD/F contaminated sites that exist as a result of historical activities. It details the various processes whereby these sites became contaminated and attempts to evaluate their contemporary relevance as sources of PCDD/Fs and other POPs. It also details the various strategies used to assess these historical legacies of contamination and the concepts developed, or which are under development, to effect their remediation. MAIN FEATURES: Special sessions on 'Contaminated sites--Cases, remediation, risk and policy' were held at the DIOXIN conferences in 2006 and 2007, and this theme will be continued at DIOXIN 2008 to be held in Birmingham. Selected cases from the approximately 70 contributions made to these sessions, together with some additional invited case studies are outlined together with the key issues they raise. By evaluating these cases and adding details of experiences published in the current literature, an overview will be given of the different features and challenges of dioxin and POP-contaminated sites. RESULTS: This article provides a systematic categorisation of types of PCDD/F and POP-contaminated sites. These are categorised according to the chemical or manufacturing process, which generated the PCDD/Fs or POPs and also includes the use and disposal aspects of the product life cycle in question. The highest historical PCDD/F and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination burdens have arisen as a result of the production of chlorine and of chlorinated organic chemicals. In particular, the production of chlorinated pesticides, PCBs and the related contaminated waste streams are identified being responsible for historical releases of toxic equivalents (TEQs) at a scale of many tonnes. Along with such releases, major PCDD/F contaminated sites have been created through the application or improper disposal of contaminated pesticides, PCBs and other organochlorine chemicals, as well through the recycling of wastes and their attempted destruction. In some extreme examples, PCDD/F contaminated sites have also resulted from thermal processes such as waste incinerators, secondary metal industries or from the recycling or deposition of specific waste (e.g. electronic waste or car shredder wastes), which often contain chlorinated or brominated organic chemicals. The examples of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB contamination of fish in European rivers or the impact of contaminated sites upon fishing grounds and upon other food resources demonstrate the relevance of these historical problems to current and future human generations. Many of the recent food contamination problems that have emerged in Europe and elsewhere demonstrate how PCDD/F and dioxin like PCBs from historical sources can directly contaminate human and animal feedstuffs and indeed highlight their considerable contemporary relevance in this respect. Accordingly, some key experiences and lessons learnt regarding the production, use, disposal and remediation of POPs from the contaminated sites are summarised. DISCUSSION: An important criterion for evaluating the significance and risks of PCDD/Fs and other POPs at contaminated sites is their present or future potential for mobility. This, in turn, determines to a large degree their propensity for off-site transport and environmental accessibility. The detailed evaluation of contaminated site cases reveals different site-specific factors, which influence the varied pathways through which poor water-soluble POPs can be mobilised. Co-contaminants with greater water solubility are also typically present at such sites. Hence, pumping of groundwater (pump and treat) is often required in addition to attempting to physically secure a site. At an increasing number of contaminated sites, securing measures are failing after relatively short time spans compared to the time horizon, which applies to persistent organic pollutant contamination. Due to the immense costs and challenges associated with remediation of contaminated sites 'monitored natural attenuation' is increasingly gaining purchase as a conceptual remediation approach. However, these concepts may well prove limited in their practical application to contaminated sites containing persistent organic pollutants and other key pollutants like heavy metals. CONCLUSIONS: It is inevitable, therefore, that dioxin/POP-contaminated sites will remain of contemporary and future relevance. They will continue to represent an environmental issue for future generations to address. The securing and/or remediation of dioxin/POP-contaminated sites is very costly, generally in the order of tens or hundreds of millions of dollars. Secured landfills and secured production sites need to be considered as constructions not made for 'eternity' but built for a finite time scale. Accordingly, they will need to be controlled, supervised and potentially repaired/renewed. Furthermore, the leachates and groundwater impacted by these sites will require ongoing monitoring and potential further remediation. These activities result in high maintenance costs, which are accrued for decades or centuries and should, therefore, be compared to the fully sustainable option of complete remediation. The contaminated site case studies highlight that, while extensive policies and established funds for remediation exist in most of the industrialised western countries, even these relatively well-regulated and wealthy countries face significant challenges in the implementation of a remediation strategy. This highlights the fact that ultimately only the prevention of contaminated sites represents a sustainable solution for the future and that the Polluter Pays Principle needs to be applied in a comprehensive way to current problems and those which may emerge in the future. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: With the continuing shift of industrial activities in developing and transition economies, which often have poor regulation (and weak self-regulation of industries), additional global challenges regarding POPs and other contaminated sites may be expected. In this respect, a comprehensive application of the "polluter pays principle" in these countries will also be a key to facilitate the clean-up of contaminated areas and the prevention of future contaminated sites. The threats and challenges of contaminated sites and the high costs of securing/remediating the problems highlight the need for a comprehensive approach based upon integrated pollution prevention and control. If applied to all polluting (and potentially polluting) industrial sectors around the globe, such an approach will prove to be both the cheapest and most sustainable way to underpin the development of industries in developing and transition economies.     

持久性有机污染物(POPs)的环境问题与研究进展

对持久性有机污染物(persistentorganicpollutants:POPs)的定义、来源和特征进行了介绍。阐述了POPs对环境安全性构成威胁的原因。分析了持久性有机污染物,特别是12类优先控制的"dirtydozen"的环境污染状况,并分析了这些物质在全球大气、水体和土壤中存在的量和来源。这些物质在不同生物体内的浓度存在差异,反映出它们在食物链上的生物累积和放大,也加剧了对环境和人体的毒害作用。总结回顾了有关POPs的相关基础研究,并对将来继续深入研究和对环境监测的指导意义进行了展望。     

土壤中持久性有机污染物的提取技术研究

文章介绍了持久性有机污染物的分析检测方法,指明了研究土壤中持久性有机污染物的必要性.将国内最常用的两种提取方法--索式提取和超声波提取进行比较,结果表明了索式提取的方法更适合从土壤中提取多种持久性有机污染物,提取剂和洗脱剂可选比例1:1的丙酮和石油醚,回收率可在70%～90%之间;而超声波提取的方法比较适合从土壤中提取个别的持久性有机污染物,如op′-DDT 和pp′-DDT,节省实验时间,试剂使用量少,回收率也可在50%以上.     

类脂复合吸附剂去除水中微量七氯和环氧七氯的研究

研制了一种新型类脂-活性炭复合吸附剂,研究了其对水中痕量持久性有机污染物--七氯和环氧七氯的吸附行为.实验结果表明,该新型复合吸附剂对七氯和环氧七氯有较强的吸附性能,反应48 h后,对初始浓度为20μg·L-1的七氯和环氧七氯的去除率分别为98.79%和98.08%;吸附等温线符合弗兰德里希模型;吸附动力学符合准二阶动力学模型.该复合吸附剂对亲脂性较强的七氯具有较快的初始吸附速率、较大的平衡吸附量和较高的去除率.相同实验条件下,类脂-活性炭复合吸附剂对七氯和环氧七氯的吸附速率和去除效果均优于传统吸附材料活性炭.     

The effect of export to the deep sea on the long-range transport potential of persistent organic pollutants

BACKGROUND: Export to the deep sea has been found to be a relevant pathway for highly hydrophobic chemicals. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of this process on the potential for long-range transport (LRT) of such chemicals. METHODS: The spatial range as a measure of potential for LRT is calculated for seven PCB congeners with the multimedia fate and transport model ChemRange. Spatial ranges for cases with and without deep sea export are compared. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Export to the deep sea leads to increased transfer from the air to the surface ocean and, thereby, to lower spatial ranges for PCB congeners whose net deposition rate constant is similar to or greater than the atmospheric degradation rate constant. This is fulfilled for the PCB congeners 101, 153, 180, and 194. The spatial ranges of the congeners 8, 28, and 52, in contrast, are not affected by deep sea export. With export to the deep sea included in the model, the spatial ranges of the heavier congener are similar to those of the lighter ones, while the intermediate congeners 101 and 153 have the highest potential for long-range transport. CONCLUSIONS: Transfer to the deep ocean affects the mass balance and the potential for LRT of highly hydrophobic chemicals and should be included in multimedia fate models containing a compartment for ocean water.     

Melting and incineration plants of municipal waste. Chemical and biochemical diagnosis of thermal processing samples (emission,residues)

Control of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in emissions and thermal residues from incinerators has been a cause of public concern for more than one decade. Recently, several studies showed that other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs) also have dioxin-like activity and are released from incinerators. Therefore, the present study was aimed at making a risk assessment about dioxin-like activity in extracts of thermal waste residues (e.g. combustion gas; fly ash, slag) from incineration and melting processes in Germany and Japan. For this purpose, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed by chemical analysis. Additionally, 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD equivalents (EROD-TEQs) were determined by in vitro Micro-EROD bioassay using rat H4IIE hepatoma cells. EROD-TEQs could be correlated to I-TEQ values (from PCDD/Fs/co-PCBs) analyzed by chemical analysis resulting in a maximal sixfold higher estimate. Our study indicates minor influences of co-PCBs, PAHs and PCNs to the sum of dioxin-like toxicity in the extracts of thermal waste residues as determined here. Furthermore, we showed that the levels of dioxins and co-PCBs contained in slag from melting processes and bottom ashes from incineration processes were lower by 1-2 orders of magnitude than that in fly ash.     

Aufnahmepfade von POPs in Biota

Zusammenfassung  POPs (persistente organische Schadstoffe), die an aquatischen Sedimenten binden, k?nnen zurück in Nahrungsnetze gelangen und so zu einem Risiko für aquatische Organismen werden. Dabei kann die Bioakkumulation solcher Substanzen in endobenthischen, sedimentfressenden Invertebraten (z.B. aquatische Oligochaeten) eine gro?e Rolle spielen. Diese Würmer dienen vielen benthivoren Fischen als Nahrung. Letztere nehmen über diesen Weg sedimentgebundene Chemikalien auf und k?nnen hierbei deutlich h?here K?rperkonzentrationen (body residues) erreichen als durch die Anreicherung aus der Wasserphase. Die angereicherten Rückst?nde k?nnen im weiteren Verlauf der Nahrungskette an Glieder h?herer trophischer Ebenen weitergegeben werden. Zur standardisierten Bestimmung der Bioakkumulation und — magnifikation wurde eine einfache, zwei trophische Stufen umfassende Labornahrungskette etabliert. Diese bestand aus dem endobenthischen Oligochaeten Tubifex tubifex und dem Dreistachligen Stichling (Gasterosteus aculeatus) als Pr?dator. Die Experimente wurden mit ¹⁴C-markiertem Hexachlorbenzol in dotiertem künstlichem Sediment und rekonstituiertem Wasser durchgeführt. Um den Einfluss benthischer Beuteorganismen zu quantifizieren, wurden die Fische gegenüber dotiertem Wasser bzw. Sediment (Biokonzentration), vorexponierten Würmern (Biomagnifikation) und Kombinationen dieser Aufnahmepfade exponiert. HCB wurde entlang der Labornahrungskette deutlich angereichert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Exposition gegenüber der Kombination s?mtlicher Aufnahmepfade zu deutlich h?herer Anreicherung in den Fischen führte als im Falle einzelner Expositionspfade. Der Vergleich der Einzelergebnisse lie? den Schluss zu, dass neben dem freien Wasserk?rper die kontaminierte Nahrung der Hauptaufnahmeweg für den Fisch war. Bei der Bewertung von POPs wie HCB hinsichtlich Biomagnifikation und ‘secondary poisoning’ sollten daher Nahrung und Sediment als Expositionspfade unter Verwendung von Nahrungsketten-modellen und/oder Labortests st?rker berücksichtigt werden. Reter Spr?rlein war bis Januar 2000 als Ingenieur für Umweltverfahrenstechnik bei der ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH besch?ftigt und für die HPLC-analytische Aufarbeitung der experimentellen Proben verantwortlich.     

Survey of dioxin sources in the Baltic Region (extended summary)

The present paper summarises the results of the project: 'Survey of Anthropogenic Sources of Dioxins and Furans in the Baltic Region'. As a part of the project, inventories have been carried out in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland by applying the toolkit for quantification of dioxin and furan releases developed by UNEP Chemicals. The main route of direct releases to the environment is emission to air. Total emission to air from Poland was estimated at 490 (88-1,300) g I-TEQ/year, whereas the emissions from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were estimated as being 14 (2.4-54), 23 (2.6-63) and 17 (2.6-38) g I-TEQ, respectively. In general, the uncertainty on the estimates is very high, and recommendations regarding further development of the inventories have been made, and measures for reducing the releases have been provided.