基于单颗粒气溶胶质谱技术的源解析新算法

针对现有单颗粒气溶胶质谱技术的颗粒物快速来源解析方法不能提供基于质量浓度单位源解析结果的问题,提出一种新型单颗粒快速源解析算法ArtPMF.选择淮河平原某能源工业城市2021年2～3月的单颗粒质谱监测数据对ArtPMF算法进行应用.结果表明监测期间二次源、工业源、机动车尾气源、燃煤源、扬尘源、生物质燃烧源和烟花燃放源对...     

Alveolar Macrophage (AM) Mobility Reduction as a Result of Long-Term Exposure to High Dust Concentration in Inhaled Air

The influence of high concentration of insoluble particles in inhaled air on the alveolar macrophage (AM) mobility is analyzed. Kinetics of phagocytosis and the mobility of AM as a function of overloading is proposed. Three patterns of AM displacement on the surface of alveolus are distinguished depending on the loading of the surface with insoluble deposits, namely, directional being a result of surfactant activity, directional with a chemotactic bias, and purely random. The exit time of AM from alveolus under overloading is calculated.     

静电除尘器的粉尘非稳态收集过程

为了全面揭示电除尘器粉尘非稳态收集过程,建立完整的非稳态静电收尘理论,根据静电学基本原理,研究了极板粉尘层电荷导人、积累、释放的过程,推导出随粉尘层厚度增长而改变的动态收尘电场强度计算公式,进而得到荷电粒子动态驱进速度公式,最终形成静电除尘非稳态收集理论.研究结果表明,在静电收尘过程中,粒子驱进速度与粉尘比电阻、工作电压、粉尘层厚度等多种因素有关;随粉尘比电阻的升高,收尘效率下降,当供电电压为最佳工作电压时收尘效率最高.针对不同比电阻粉尘进行了多项实验研究,实验结果与理论研究结果吻合.非稳态静电收尘理论成功地解释了实际静电收尘过程中与传统静电收尘理论相矛盾的地方,为静电除尘器的设计及其运行参数的选取提供了更为科学的理论基础.     

Simulating mesoscale transport and diffusion of radioactive noble gases using the Lagrangian particle dispersion model

In order to simulate the impact of mesoscale wind fields and to assess potential capability of atmospheric Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM) as an emergency response model for the decision supports, two different simulations of LPDM with the mesoscale prognostic model MM5 (Mesoscale Model ver. 5) were driven. The first simulation of radioactive noble gas ((85)Kr exponent) emitted during JCO accident occurred from 30 September to 3 October 1999 at Tokai, Japan showed that the first arriving short pulse was found in Tsukuba located at 60km away from the accidental area. However, the released radioactive noble gas was transported back to the origin site about 2 days later due to the mesoscale meteorological wind circulation, enhancing the levels of (85)Kr with the secondary peak in Tsukuba. The second simulation of atmospheric dilution factors (the ratio of concentration to the emission rate, chi/Q), during the underground nuclear test (UNT) performed by North Korea showed that high chi/Q moved to the eastward and extended toward southward in accordance with the mesoscale atmospheric circulations generated by mesoscale prognostic model MM5. In comparison with the measurements, the simulated horizontal distribution patterns of (85)Kr during the JCO are well accord with that of observation in Tsukuba such as the existence of secondary peak which is associated with the mesoscale circulations. However, the simulated level of (85)Kr anomaly was found to be significantly lower than the observations, and some interpretations on these discrepancies were described. Applications of LPDM to two mesoscale emergency response dispersion cases suggest the potential capability of LPDM to be used as a decision support model provided accurate emission rate of accident in case of a large accident.     

土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳含量的影响

探究不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体的粒径分布、稳定性及有机碳在各粒径团聚体中的分布规律,以期为重庆地区土壤结构的改善及土壤有机碳库的维持及提高提供依据.以重庆市北碚区6种土地利用方式(针阔叶混交林、竹林、果园、旱地、水田和荒草地)为研究对象,采用湿筛法对土壤进行粒径分组,对比分析了6种土地利用方式处理下土壤团聚体和团聚体有机碳在0～20、20～40、40～60和60～100 cm土壤剖面中的分布规律.结果表明,不同土地利用方式下,土壤的结构和肥力水平存在显著的差异.在0～100 cm土层土壤的各粒径团聚体中,6种土地利用方式的团聚体粒径均以 0. 25 mm为主;其中,竹林 0. 25 mm团聚体含量最高,其次是荒草地,旱地与果园含量最低.不同土地利用方式下0. 25～2 mm的粒径团聚体主要分布在0～20 cm土层(28. 78%～50. 08%),而0. 053～0. 25 mm和0. 053 mm的粒径团聚体主要集中在40～60cm土层.在整个土壤深度内,竹林和荒草地的土壤团聚体MWD和GMD均高于其他土地利用方式,即二者的土壤团聚体稳定性较强.土壤团聚体稳定性与土壤团聚体有机碳呈极显著正相关(r=0. 569,P 0. 01),在0～100 cm土层中,土壤0. 25～2 mm和0. 053 mm粒径的有机碳含量较高,其中0. 25～2 mm的最高,平均含量为56. 54 g·kg~(-1).除旱地土壤各粒径团聚体有机碳含量在20～40 cm土层内最高,其他土地利用方式下土壤各粒径团聚体内有机碳含量均随土壤深度的增加而降低,表现出显著的表层富集现象.总体上,6种土地利用方式下,竹林和荒草地在各土层中的土壤团聚体稳定性较好,且在各土层中,竹林土壤各粒径团聚体有机碳含量最高.     

Optimization of the recovery of plastics for recycling by density media separation cyclones

Material recovery processes are presented as the optimum option for recycling plastic wastes as a means of recovering hydrocarbon resources. There exist a large variety of automated material recovery processes for recycling of such wastes but each with significant limitations. Of these, the separation based on differences in densities is advocated as the optimum process either for producing recycled products or preparing wastes for subsequent recovery processing.Density separation processes based on cyclone type density media separation (DMS) is presented as an important, potential method for increasing plastics recycling process capacities. It is demonstrated to have the capacity to separate a significantly larger range of particle sizes than those presently processed industrially. The mathematical relationship for the prediction of quality of typical LARCODEMS type density media separations by particle size and density as expressed by the Ecart Probable is presented.A proposed device configuration is presented for density media separation to optimize the recovery and purity of both density fractions produced. It is also suggested that to be economically viable, a large scale of operation is required for industrial plastics recycling operations recovering and producing a number of different plastics with a purity to be used as a substitute for virgin material.     

聚氯乙烯彩色型材耐候性能测试与评价

通过对彩色型材老化性能的全面评价,得出不同的着色工艺如共挤、覆膜、涂装、通体以及不同的色系对老化性能有很大的影响,通体着色以及PVC/PVC共挤彩色型材的耐候性比较差:附着力、剥离强度、色差、冲击强度保留率等指标能比较全面的表征彩色型材的耐候性能.     

Bradford法测定土壤球囊霉素相关蛋白的影响因子

土壤球囊霉素相关蛋白(glomalin-related soil protein,GRSP)是评价土壤健康的重要指标。研究了土样粒径、贮存条件和高温提取后离心延误时间3个影响因子对采用Bradford法测定GRSP含量的作用效果。结果表明,土样粒径对易提取GRSP(EEG)的提取测定影响显著,过0.074 mm孔径筛土样中提取出的EEG含量高于过0.149、0.25、1 mm孔径筛的土样;总GRSP(TG)含量的测定结果对土样粒径的变化没有明显响应,测定TG含量可采用过1 mm孔径筛的土样。贮存条件影响EEG和TG含量的测定,有机质含量低的土样室温保存18个月条件下测得的EEG含量低于-20℃保存条件下;有机质含量高的土样室温保存条件下测得的EEG含量高于-20℃保存条件下;室温保存条件下3个有机质含量水平的土样TG含量均高于-20℃保存条件下。不同样品保存方式间3个有机质含量水平的土样EEG或TG含量差异均显著。为减小有机质降解等的影响,宜低温保存土样。提取后延误离心将导致EEG含量测定值降低,因此延误时间以控制在1 h之内为宜;离心延误2 h内不同延误时间之间测得的TG含量无显著差异。     

危险品泄漏事故后动态路网应急疏散研究

在建立以最短车辆总疏散时间为目标的应急车辆疏散模型过程中,考虑路网上的车流是时变的,以动态交通流分配理论对应急车辆流进行优化分配。基于计算的复杂性和粒子群算法(PSO)的优点,采用PSO对模型进行求解。算例试验结果表明,优化后的方案能够减轻整个疏散车辆的拥堵程度,为应急管理部门决策提供理论支持。     

某工业城市大气颗粒物中PAHs的粒径分布及人体呼吸系统暴露评估

为研究大气颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的粒径分布与富集特征,确定不同粒径颗粒物中PAHs在人体呼吸系统各器官内的沉积浓度,以准确评估其人体呼吸暴露风险,选择东北某钢铁工业城市,在采暖期和非采暖期按粒径对大气颗粒物进行分级采样,用高效液相色谱对样品中14种优控PAHs进行分析,并将大气颗粒物粒径分级采样技术与人体呼吸系统内部沉积模型结合进行呼吸暴露评估.结果表明,大气颗粒物中总PAHs浓度变化显著,采暖期(743. 9 ng·m~(-3))高于非采暖期(169. 0ng·m~(-3)),多数PAHs(86. 3%～89. 9%)与大气中粒径≤2. 06μm的细颗粒有关;中低分子量PAHs单体呈双峰型,峰值位于1. 07～2. 06μm和7. 04～9. 99μm.高分子量PAHs呈单峰分布,峰值位于1. 07～2. 06μm; 4环PAHs的含量占主导优势,为总PAHs浓度的40%;在采暖期和非采暖期分别有53. 3%和55. 3%的颗粒态PAHs沉积在人体呼吸系统的不同器官,分别采用人体呼吸系统沉积浓度和在颗粒物上的总浓度计算该地区人群颗粒态PAHs的终身致癌超额风险值(incremental lifetime cancer risk,R值),成人的R值在采暖期为1. 3×10-5和2. 9×10-5,非采暖期为3. 1×10-6和6. 0×10-6,儿童的R值在采暖期为1. 0×10-5和2. 3×10-5,非采暖期为2. 4×10-6和4. 8×10-6.结果表明,颗粒物粒径分布直接影响呼吸系统沉积浓度和致癌风险,将分级采样技术与呼吸系统沉降模型结合方法可有效避免对人体呼吸暴露量的过度评估.