Monitoring urban growth and detecting land-cover changes on the Istanbul metropolitan area

Istanbul is the most populated city of Turkey with a population of around 10.58 M (2000) living on around 5,750 km². In 1980, the population was only 4.7 M and then it has been more than doubled in only two decades. The population has been increasing as a result of mass immigration. An urbanization process continues and it causes serious increases in urban areas while decreasing the amount of green areas. This rapid, uncontrolled, and illegal urbanization accompanied by insufficient infrastructure has caused degradation of forest and barren lands in the metropolitan area, especially through the last two decades. The watershed basins inside the metropolitan area and the transportation network have accelerated the land-cover changes, which have negative impacts on water quality of the basins. Monitoring urban growth and land cover change will enable better management of this complex urban area by the Greater Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (GIMM). A temporal assessment of land-cover changes of Istanbul has been documented in this study. The study mainly focuses on the acquisition and analysis of Landsat TM and Landsat GeoCover LC satellite images reflecting the significant land-cover changes between the years of 1990 and 2005. Raster data were converted to vector data and used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A database was created for Istanbul metropolitan area to plan, manage, and utilize statistical attribute data covering population, water, forest, industry, and topographic position. Consequently an overlay analysis was carried out and land use/cover changes through years have been detected for the case study area. The capability of Landsat images in determining the alterations in the macro form of the city are also discussed.     

塔山水库蓝藻暴发的成因及控制

简述了塔山水库蓝藻暴发的过程及成因。指出 ,由于水库的营养物质增多、水质恶化 ,在不利的水文、气象 (高温、光照充足、微风 )等条件下 ,导致蓝藻暴发。提出了相应的控制对策     

Impact of changed trophic status on the zooplankton composition in six water bodies of Dharwad district, Karnataka state (South India)

Morgan Island, located within the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina, is home to the only free-ranging colony of rhesus monkeys (Macca mulatta) in the continental United States. The purpose of this study was to assess environmental impacts of the monkey colony on water quality in adjacent tidal creeks and on island vegetation. Three tidal creeks were sampled: Morgan Creek, adjacent to the monkey colony; Back Creek, on Morgan Island not adjacent to the colony; and Rock Creek, on a nearby island unoccupied by monkeys. Temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrients and fecal coliform bacteria were measured six times at three sites in each of these creeks, and vegetation change analysis was conducted in a geographic information system using satellite imagery. Results showed elevated fecal coliform concentrations in the Morgan Creek site immediately adjacent to the colony, though no samples exceeded the standard set for recreational water use. Ribotyping reconnaissance matched four Escherichia coli isolates from Morgan and Back Creeks to the monkeys, identifying the colony as one source of fecal coliform bacteria, though relative source loadings could not be quantified. Significant differences were not observed between ammonia or orthophosphate levels in Morgan Creek relative to the other creeks tested; and vegetation change analysis showed a 35% increase in canopy cover between 1979 and 1999. Overall, these results suggest that the rhesus colony’s environmental impacts are localized and minimal. Results from this study provide baseline data on Morgan Island and may be useful in management decisions regarding the future of the monkey colony.     

基于CA-Markov模型的艾比湖流域平原区景观格局动态模拟预测

利用“3S”技术及CA-Markov模型,按照是否实施跨流域调水工程2种预案情况,以2005年为起始时刻,对新疆艾比湖流域平原区2020年景观格局进行模拟预测。结果显示：在调水工程未实施的情况下,2020年研究区的生态环境将进一步恶化,其突出表现为艾比湖湖泊水面将持续萎缩、裸露湖底盐漠面积进一步扩大,水资源短缺及生态环境恶化的结果将严重制约研究区社会经济的发展;在调水工程实施的情况下,2020年研究区内艾比湖湖泊水面将稳定增加至800 km^2以上、裸露湖底盐漠面积相应有所减少,生态环境恶化趋势得到改善,区域水资源短缺问题将有所缓解,可有效地促进研究区内社会经济的发展。     

关于“四沿”化工安全的战略性思考与探索

以基本能浓缩中国化工概貌的江苏省沿江、沿河、沿湖、沿海化工企业为背景,依据其形成和发展及基本概况,结合重大化工事故灾难,以安全与环境相耦合,对"四沿"化工安全进行了战略性思考,试图勾画临水化工本质安全的模型,提出在"四沿"地区构建化工本质安全化科技支撑体系的宏观构架,即建设"江苏省四沿区域化工本质安全和化工事故防范及应急系统"的思路、探索与实践。还提出了立法深化研究和技术标准制定、严格区域规划设计与建设的监督、强化监管执法力度等急需关注的问题。以江苏省"四沿"区域的化工安全为背景所提出的思路与对策,应该对整个华东地区乃至全国临水性化工企业安全具有重要的现实和借鉴意义,对我国高危行业的安全生产和环境保护有重大的示范效应。     

Laboratory longitudinal diffusion tests: 2. Parameter estimation by inverse analysis

This study focuses on the verification of test interpretations for different state analyses of diffusion experiments. Part 1 of this study identified that steady, quasi-steady and equilibrium state analyses for the through- and in-diffusion tests with solution reservoirs are generally feasible where the tracer is not highly sorptive. In Part 2 we investigate parameter identifiability in transient-state analysis of reservoir concentration variation using a numerical approach. For increased generality, the analytical models, objective functions and Jacobian matrix necessary for inverse analysis of transient-state data are reformulated using unified dimensionless parameters. In these dimensionless forms, the number of unknown parameters is reduced and a single dimensionless parameter represents the sorption property. The dimensionless objective functions are evaluated for individual test methods and parameter identifiability is discussed in relation to the sorption property. The effects of multiple minima and measurement error on parameter identifiability are also investigated. The main findings are that inverse problems for inlet and outlet reservoir concentration analyses are generally unstable and well-posed, respectively. Where the tracer is sorptive, the inverse problem for the inlet reservoir concentration analysis may have multiple minima. When insufficient measurement data is collected, multiple solutions may result and this should be taken into consideration when inversely analyzing data including that of inlet reservoir concentration. Verification of test interpretation by cross-checking different state analyses is feasible where the tracer is not highly sorptive. In an actual experiment, test interpretation validity is demonstrated through consistency between theory and practice for different state analyses.     

三峡库区典型消落带冬季多环芳烃大气-植物/土壤交换过程与通量

三峡大坝每年周期性“蓄水-放水”,形成水位落差巨大的消落带,库区内污染物环境地球化学行为随之发生变化.以冬季淹没期消落带多环芳烃为研究对象,采集成对大气(n=16)、植物(n=12)和土壤样品(n=12),采用气相色谱/质谱法(GC/MS),分析USEPA 16PAHs浓度水平,解析来源,估算大气地表、大气-植物等多介质交换通量.结果表明:大气、土壤和植物中PAHs浓度为5.65～13.47ng/m³、70.86～13 5.44ng/g和78.23～1084.72ng/g,平均值分别为(8.58±2.78) ng/m³、(90.10±22.18) ng/g和(360.36±309.54) ng/g.大气中PAHs以2～3环为主(62.3%),植物中PAHs以3～4环为主(73.7%),土壤中PAHs以3环和5环为主(52.1%).特征分子比值法揭示煤、生物质燃烧是植物PAHs的主要来源,以石油为主的化石燃料燃烧是大气和土壤PAHs主要来源.“一室模型”表明,植物吸收PAHs的主要途径为植物-气相之间动态平衡限制下的气沉降.“逸度模型”表明,3...     

一种淡水大型底栖无脊椎动物采样器研究

研制出一种长方体的十字筐采样器,在采样器内分别填装石、砂、底泥和水草4种基质,利用大型底栖无脊椎动物对生境的选择性进行样本被动采集。基质越多,采样器采集的生物种类越多,生物量也更丰富。用新研制的十字筐采样器和传统的篮式采样器对松花江流域7个采样点进行大型底栖无脊椎动物对比采样,结果显示:十字筐采样器是一种优良的采样器,适合在松花江流域乃至全国推广应用。     

2014年于桥水库浮游植物群落与环境因子的关系

为研究于桥水库浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系,于2014年春夏季进行采样分析。两季共鉴定出浮游植物6门99种,其中绿藻门(Chlorophyta)62种,硅藻门(Diatoms)21种,蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)7种,裸藻门(Euglenophyta)4种,甲藻门(Pyrrophyta)2种,隐藻门(Cryptophyta)2种。春季浮游植物6门86种,第一优势种为绿藻门的四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda);夏季浮游植物5门62种,第一优势种为蓝藻门的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)。春季浮游植物密度低于夏季,于桥水库浮游植物群落结构具有明显的季节变化规律。RDA分析结果表明,春季采样点的相似性高于夏季,透明度、水温、溶解氧和营养盐是影响于桥水库浮游植物群落组成的关键环境因子。     

CMT监测井在黑河流域地下水监测中的应用

以CMT监测井在黑河流域的应用为基础,通过对监测数据和采集的水样进行分析,了解了黑河流域地下水水位动态变化,掌握了黑河流域地下水水化学垂向分布规律,为合理利用黑河流域水资源提供了科学依据。