水位对小叶章湿地CO2、CH4排放及土壤微生物活性的影响

湿地生态系统对全球碳平衡和气候变化起着极其重要的作用,而水位波动将影响湿地生物地球化学过程,导致温室气体通量变化,为了明确湿地生态系统温室气体通量以及土壤微生物活性对水位梯度的生态响应,通过野外盆栽培养试验,设T1:-5 cm,T2:0 cm,T3:5 cm,T4:10 cm 4种水位梯度,T1和T2模拟湿地非淹水的水分状况,T3和T4模拟淹水状况,研究了不同水位梯度下小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)湿地CO2、CH4通量、土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤酶活性的变化规律.结果表明:不同水位条件下,小叶章湿地系统CO2和CH4通量差异较大,-5 cm水位时小叶章湿地CO2通量为(643.35±61.89) mg·m-2·h -1,随着水位增加,CO2通量依次降低6.9%、12.1%、40.0%,且水位升高到10 cm时,小叶章湿地CO2排放量显著降低(P<0.05);而CH4通量则随水位增加呈显著增加趋势,通量变化为(1.52±0.12)~(5.34±0.61) mg·m-2·h-1;水位对微生物活性影响显著,非淹水条件下小叶章湿地土壤微生物量碳、氮含量以及土壤蔗糖酶、淀粉酶活性高于淹水土壤,且随着淹水位增加,微生物活性显著降低.     

秦皇岛主要入海河流污染及其对近岸海域影响研究

利用饮马河、洋河、汤河和戴河的水文和水质监测资料,分析了各河流的污染状况、营养状态、污染物入海通量及其对海域水质的影响。结果表明：秦皇岛市入海河流中饮马河和洋河污染较重;通过污染分担率分析,秦皇岛入海河流的首要污染物为DIN、COD,其次为PO43--P;采用综合营养状态指数法评价,汤河处于轻度富营养状态,戴河处于中度富营养状态,而洋河和饮马河都已达到重度富营养化状态,可见秦皇岛入海河流的富营养化现象非常严重;秦皇岛主要河流污染物入海通量近年来基本呈减小趋势,饮马河和洋河年均入海污染物量占到秦皇岛市陆源入海污染物总量的94.91%;通过相关分析表明,秦皇岛近岸海域的水质主要受入海河流影响,尤其是CODMn、DIN、PO43--P在河、海间存在线性关系,具有强相关性。因此应加强对入河污染物的管理,重点应放在生活污水、农业面源污染的治理上,从而改善近岸海域的水质状况。     

Changes in CO2 flux for different recovery processes of desertification in the alpine meadows of Northwest Sichuan北大核心CSCD

Desertification has emerged as a serious threat to the alpine meadows of Northwest Sichuan in recent decades. Artificial vegetation had certain effects on desertification recovery, while how the CO2 flux changed and its reasons are still unclear. During the growing season in 2016 (i.e., from July to September), we selected the desertified alpine meadows with different recovery degrees, including the early stage of restoration, the middle stage of restoration, the late stage of restoration, and control (the unrecovered desertification meadow) as four transects. CO2 flux was measured by the instrument LI-8100, and the microenvironment factors that affected CO2 flux changes were analyzed. The results showed that the carbon sequestration function of desertified alpine meadows gradually increased with the degree of recovery. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) were -1.61, -3.55, and -4.38 μmol m-2 s-1 in the early, mid-term, and late transects, respectively, and the most dramatic changes occurred from the early stage to mid-term stage, increasing by 120.50%. Both ecosystem respiration (ER) and soil respiration (SR) were enhanced significantly with restoration (P < 0.05). In mid or late July, NEE, ER, and SR reached their maximum values, and thereafter, the indicators varied to near zero (P < 0.05). During the whole growing season, the daily dynamic in CO2 flux for the control alpine meadow was mild and retained the trend of continuous release all day, but that in the desertified alpine meadow was a single peak pattern. Moreover, with restoration process, the peak of CO2 flux increased and reached a peak in the late stage of the recovery process. The regression analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between CO2 flux and vegetation coverage, aboveground biomass, and soil moisture (0-5 cm) (P < 0.01), and a weak correlation with 0-5-cm soil temperature (P < 0.01). This indicates that topsoil moisture (5 cm) is a more significant factor for CO2 flux than topsoil temperature during the growing season in the restoration of desertified alpine meadows in Northwest Sichuan. In general, the vegetation recovery significantly improved the carbon-sequestration ability of the desertified alpine meadows during the growing season in Northwest Sichuan, and at the middle stage of restoration, the carbon-sequestration ability improved significantly due to vegetation restoration and increase in topsoil (0-5 cm) moisture. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

白洋淀夏季入淀区沉积物间隙水-上覆水水质特征及交换通量分析

为揭示白洋淀夏季入淀区上覆水-间隙水氮磷营养盐相互作用,本研究于2019年7月对白洋淀主要6条入淀河流取样,通过分析上覆水、间隙水水质特征以及营养盐在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量,评估了营养盐扩散对沉积物与上覆水的影响.结果表明白洋淀水质呈弱碱性;溶解氧（DO）含量较低,为沉积物内源污染物的释放提供了厌氧环境;氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）浓度在0.35~1.76mg·L^-1,作为主要给水来源的潴龙河淀区最高;硝氮（NO₃^--N）浓度在0.75~1.97mg·L^-1;溶解性总氮（TDN）浓度在0.99~2.70mg·L^-1,位于自然区的S2瀑河含量最高;溶解性总磷（TDP）浓度在0.03~0.15mg·L^-1,靠近居民区的白沟引河含量最高.间隙水氨氮浓度在5.24~10.64mg·L^-1,是上覆水体的10倍,内源污染严重;硝氮浓度在0.36~0.79mg·L^-1;溶解性总氮浓度在5.36~12.02mg·L^-1,是上覆水体的5倍;溶解性总磷浓度在0.03~0.3mg·L^-1.应用综合污染指数法对水质进行评价发现间隙水污染程度远高于上覆水,各采样点呈现出严重污染状态.对NH₄⁺-N、TDN和TDP进行交换通量分析显示,NH₄⁺-N的扩散通量在1.71~7.43mg·（m²·d）^-1,作为保定市纳污河流的府河采样点内源氨氮向上覆水扩散速率最快;TDN的扩散通量除白沟引河较低,其余5个采样点均值达到9.11mg·（m²·d）^-1,夏季水体中溶解氧含量较低且沉积物-水界面TDN浓度差较大,导致沉积物中含氮营养盐在厌氧条件下大量释放到上覆水中,对水质造成严重污染;萍河采样点TDP的扩散通量是负值表示上覆水体的磷污染物向沉积物聚集的状态,剩余5个采样点的扩散通量范围在0.03~0.16mg·（m²·d）^-1,表现出磷营养盐向上覆水释放的状态.扩散通量显示内源污染物是上覆水污染物的重要来源,为有效治理入淀区水质,沉积物氮磷营养盐的清淤处理迫在眉睫.     

北京城区大气多环芳烃的沉降特征

从2006年6月至2007年6月期间采集了北京市区的降尘和大气TSP,分析了其中的PAHs和降尘的粒度。降尘颗粒大部分在100μm以下,体积平均径和中位径D50的范围分别为18.89-53.117μm和11.59-28.98μm。全年降尘平均沉降通量为0.451 9 t/（km2.d）,冬季高,夏秋季低;∑16PAHs的沉降通量平均为4.76 g/（km2.d）,冬季高,夏季低,与同期的大气SO2的API指数显著相关。TSP中的∑16PAHs与降尘中的∑16PAHs具有显著的相关关系,成分谱一致。PAHs的沉降速率变化范围为0.004-5.46 cm/s,夏季高、冬季低。交通沿线∑16PAHs的沉降通量远远高于非交通线的沉降通量。     

冬季土地管理对稻季CH4产生、氧化和排放的影响

通过室内培养和田间试验测定了冬季休闲、种麦和淹水处理水稻生长期CH4的产生潜力、氧化潜力及其排放通量,以探讨冬季土地管理对后续稻季CH4产生、氧化和排放的影响。结果表明：休闲与种麦处理间CH4产生潜力无显著差异（P〉0．05）,但2者均显著低于淹水处理（P〈0．05）;各处理间CH4氧化潜力无显著差异（P〉0．05）,土壤中NH4^＋-N含量可能是较冬季土地管理更为重要的影响CH4氧化潜力的因素;休闲处理CH4平均排放通量显著高于种麦处理（P〈0．05）,但2者均显著低于淹水处理（P〈0．05）。冬季持续淹水稻田CH4产生潜力显著高于冬季排水稻田是其CH4排放量远高于冬季排水稻田的原因。冬季土地管理对稻季CH4排放的影响主要受CH4产生潜力而非CH4氧化潜力的限制。     

冬季淹水稻田CH_4产生、氧化和排放规律及其影响因素研究

采用静态箱/气象色谱法——田间原位观测和室内培养试验连续一年研究了冬季淹水稻田的CH4产生潜力、氧化潜力和排放通量,以探讨冬季淹水稻田CH4产生、氧化和排放的季节变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明：0~251 d（d表示淹水后天数）,CH4产生潜力逐渐增大,到251 d达最大值,之后逐渐减小;0~204 d,CH4氧化潜力变化较小,但到235 d急剧增至最大值,随后逐渐减小;0~169 d,稻田几乎没有CH4排放,192 d才开始有较明显的CH4排放,到230 d达最大值,为80.2 mg.m-2.h-1,随后逐渐减小,331 d出现一个CH4排放高峰。全观测期内CH4排放量为69.9 g.m-2,其中非水稻生长期排放6.7 g.m-2,占总量的9.5%。全观测期内CH4产生潜力与土温及土壤Eh均无显著相关性;全观测期内CH4氧化潜力与土温极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,水稻生长期CH4氧化潜力与土壤中氨氮含量呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）;全观测期内稻田CH4排放与土温和CH4产生潜力两个因素均显著正相关（P〈0.05）而与土壤Eh呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。     

The effect of barriers on reducing thermal heat fluxes from a hydrocarbon pool fire

The radiant heat flux from a pool fire is frequently calculated using the solid flame model, where the flame envelope is approximated as a stationary cylinder whose surface emits thermal radiation at a constant rate. Radiant heat flux calculations using the solid flame model assume the target to be at a given elevation, typically at ground level, and to have an unobstructed view of the fire. The presence of obstacles (e.g., walls, buildings, etc.) or terrain features that would create shaded areas and provide shielding of a target from the fire is typically neglected in these calculations: this is a conservative approach, but it is not accurate. This paper presents a methodology to utilize the solid flame model to calculate the heat flux to a target while taking into account the presence of an obstruction between the target and the fire. The shielded solid flame method can quantitatively account for the presence of obstacles as a passive mitigation measure and allows project developers or designers to optimize their facility layout to meet safety requirements. The methodology presented in this paper uses the same correlations found in currently used solid flame models (e.g., LNGFIRE3), therefore, it remains consistent with current regulatory requirements for LNG facilities in the U.S.     

Geological emission of methane from the Yakela condensed oil/gas field in Talimu Basin, Xinjiang, China

A static flux chamber method was applied to study natural emissions of methane into the atmosphere in the Yakela condensed oil/gas field in Talimu Basin, Xinjiang, China. Using an online method, which couples a gas chromatography/high-temperature conversion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/MS) together, the 13C/12C ratios of methane in the flux chambers were measured. The results demonstrated that methane gases were liable to migrate from deep oil/gas reservoir to the surface through microseepage and p...     

土壤二维蒸气抽排去污效果的影响研究

土壤蒸气抽排是一种经济、高效、安全并已被广泛应用的污染场址现场修复技术,它能经济高效地去除非饱和带土壤中的挥发性有机污染物。以土壤和油污染物为例,进行了土壤二维抽排模拟实验,研究了气体抽排流量对去污效果的影响,通过实验可知:在增加气体抽排流量的情况下,抽排气中挥发性较强的有机物质正戊烷(C5h12)浓度下降的很快,最终保存在较低的浓度水平。挥发性一般的正辛烷(C8h18)和挥发性较弱的正癸烷(C10h22)经过长时间的抽排后,污染物也得到了降低,但是最终保持在比较高的浓度水平。得出增加气体抽排流量可以使污染物去除速率大幅度提高,从而缩短了净化时间,获得很好的去污效果。同时对二维抽排模拟实验和一维抽排模拟实验结果做了比较。