二维平流扩散模型下的集合卡尔曼滤波模拟同化研究

为提高环境数值预报水平,构建了一个针对污染物扩散的模拟数据同化系统。采用集合卡尔曼滤波方法对二维平流扩散模型的状态变量进行了实时校正,实现污染物浓度的实时模拟预报,完成了敏感性实验中集合数目变化、观测方差变化和同化窗口长度变化研究。比较考察观测点位置与污染源距离不同时的预报效果,探讨了优化条件下的同化策略,提出一种根据距离远近动态调节卡尔曼增益权重的方法。在集合数目较小时,可降低计算代价,得到优化的同化效果。     

大气污染排放窗口机制研究

以2种典型的污染排放源(点污染源和线污染源)为基础,提出排污窗口的概念,通过参数转换分解源强对污染扩散进行研究。首先在高斯污染扩散模型的基础上,对非持续性污染源强建模,然后以某烟囱的周期性排污分析,检验排污窗口设置的合理性。对于单双号限行的窗口性质的污染排放研究中,首先对交通流建立线污染扩散模型,然后融合元胞自动机(9元胞互影响)模拟区域多角度污染的扩散平衡,最后对"单双号限行"下北京市不同区域空气质量指标进行分析与仿真。分析结果表明,合理的排污窗口能够减轻污染程度及对人们日常生活的影响。     

Investigation of titanium liquid/gas diffusion layers in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells

In a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cell (PEMEC), liquid/gas diffusion layer (LGDL) is expected to transport electrons, heat, and reactants/products to and from the catalyst layer with minimum voltage, current, thermal, interfacial, and fluidic losses. In addition, carbon materials, which are typically used in PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs), are unsuitable in PEMECs due to the high ohmic potential and highly oxidative environment of the oxygen electrode. In this study, a set of titanium gas diffusion layers with different thicknesses and porosities are designed and examined coupled with the development of a robust titanium bipolar plate. It has been found that the performance of electrolyzer improves along with a decrease in thickness or porosity of the anode LGDL of titanium woven meshes. The ohmic resistance of anode LGDL and contact resistance between anode LGDL and the anode catalyst play dominant roles in electrolyzer performance, and better performance can be obtained by reducing ohmic resistance. Thin titanium LGDLs with straight-through pores and optimal pore morphologies are recommended for the future developments of low-cost LGDLs with minimum ohmic/transport losses.     

Volatilization of 1,2‐dibromo‐3‐chloropropane (DBCP) from soils

Abstract

The volatilization of DBCP from soils, as affected by the soil characteristics and application techniques, was studied in a laboratory experiment. The volatilization rate of DBCP applied in water was higher from sandy and silty loam soils than from clay soil. Water added after DBCP application acted as a soil cover, decreasing the volatilization rate. The results obtained with DBCP application in hexane to air‐dry soils, indicate that adsorption could be an important factor in reducing the volatilization losses.

Diffusion coefficients were calculated from the volatilization parameters, by using a simplified relationship between volatilization losses and diffusion through soil.     

改性粉煤灰对糖蜜废水的吸附效果及机理

采用改性粉煤灰(MCFA)吸附糖蜜废水中的有机污染物,对吸附行为和机理进行了考察和分析。结果表明,MCFA投加量为30 g/L及pH为5.0的优化条件下,COD去除率为88.6%,饱和吸附量为89.7 mg COD/g MCFA。准二级方程能更好地描述糖蜜废水在MCFA上的吸附动力学。颗粒内扩散方程结果表明孔扩散并非唯一的速度控制步骤。吸附平衡表明,Freundlich等温线最符合吸附模式,为优惠吸附。D-R模式中的吸附自由能Ea值推断更可能是物理吸附而不是化学吸附。吸附热力学参数ΔG0(<0)、ΔH0(5.130 kJ/mol)和ΔS0(19.936 J/(mol.K))表明MCFA对糖蜜废水的吸附过程为可行的,自发性的吸热反应。     

农户对高产农业技术扩散的生态环境影响感知实证

农民生态环境感知对促进农民自觉环境保护行为和农村两型社会建设具有重要作用。通过对湖南省洞庭湖湿地水稻主产区6个乡镇的调查,将农户生态影响感知具体化为土壤、水源、身体健康和水稻4个方面的感知,借助定量分析建立了农户综合环境感知指数,研究农民对以化学农业为代表的高产农业技术扩散的生态环境影响感知,并运用Tobit模型探讨了影响农户生态影响感知的主要因素。结果表明:农民已经意识到以石化农业为代表的高产农业技术扩散带来的不利影响,尽管他们的意识还只限于一些看得见的因素如土壤肥力、捕鱼量和健康问题,对于看不见的影响的感知还很薄弱。以化学农业为代表的高产农业技术采用的水平和持续时间直接决定了人们对于不利影响的感知。提高收入水平与教育水平、强化农业技术推广能提升农民生态环境感知,而农田水利基础设施建设和土壤肥力对农户环境感知有复杂的影响关系。     

钙基脱硫剂孔隙中SO2气体非线性扩散的研究

以动态生成的CaO孔隙网络为骨架,按照不退行随机行走模型（NRRW）,模拟气体分子在CaO孔隙中的扩散过程,计算了SO2分子的扩散系数和行走维数,并在SO2非线性扩散反应方程基础上,分析了CaO颗粒孔隙中SO2浓度的分布特性。     

Chemical composition of burnt smell caused by accidental fires: environmental contaminants

The chemical composition of the odors typical of fires has recently been deciphered. Basically the constituents are mixtures of acetophenone, benzyl alcohol, hydroxylated derivatives of benzaldehyde, methoxylated and/or alkylated phenols and naphthalene. This finding makes it possible to develop objective, practical analytic measurement methods for the burnt smell as a contribution to improving fire damage assessment and remediation monitoring. With the aid of an artificially produced burnt smell and a panel of testers the odor detection threshold of a test mixture was determined olfactometrically to 2 μg m⁻³. Using a defined burnt-smell atmosphere in a test chamber, analytical methods with active sampling, the adsorbents XAD 7 and TENAX TA, and GC/MS measurement were then optimized and tested with a view to being able to carry out sensitive quantitative measurement of burnt smells. A further practical method with particular application to the qualitative characterization of this odor is based on the use of a new SPME (solid-phase microextraction) field sampler with DVB/CAR/PDMS (divinylbenzene/Carboxen™/polydimethylsiloxane) fibers.     

Assessing seasonal and spatial trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Indian agricultural regions using PUF disk passive air samplers

The first survey of persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations in air across several Indian agricultural regions was conducted in 2006-2007. Passive samplers comprising polyurethane foam (PUF) disks were deployed on a quarterly basis at seven stations in agricultural regions, one urban site and one background site. The project was conducted as a sub-project of the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Network. In addition to revealing new information on air concentrations of several organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), the study has demonstrated the feasibility of conducting regional-scale monitoring for POPs in India using PUF disk samplers. The following analytes were detected with relatively high concentrations in air (mean for 2006 and 2007, pg/m³): α- and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (292 and 812, respectively); endosulfan I and II (2770 and 902, respectively); p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT (247 and 931, respectively); and for the sum of 48 PCBs, 12,100 (including a site with extremely high air concentrations in 2007) and 972 (when excluding data for this site).     

Mobile passive samplers: concept for a novel mode of exposure

Integrative passive sampling with devices such as semipermeable membrane devices generally relies on rigs for month-long static exposures in water. We evaluate here whether mobile exposures of passive samplers can provide reliable estimates of dissolved contaminant concentrations. Mobile exposures were obtained by towing samplers fastened to the end of a benthic trawl net. Significant and reproducible absorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during 5 h-long deployments was made possible by high sampling rates resulting from high water turbulences during towing at 1.2-1.5 knots. Sampling rates (72-215 L d⁻¹) estimated from the dissipation of performance reference compounds were supported by in situ calibration with samplers exposed for a 30 days in the vicinity of the test site. Higher fluoranthene and pyrene absorption in samplers exposed to the trawling-induced sediment plume could be attributed to desorption from re-suspended sediments. This mode of exposure has the potential to be used in monitoring programmes.