Changes in Hydrology of the Ganges Delta of Bangladesh and Corresponding Impacts on Water Resources

The Ganges Delta in Bangladesh is an example of water‐related catastrophes in a major rural river basin where limitations in quantity, quality, and timing of available water are producing disastrous conditions. Water availability limitations are modifying the hydrologic characteristics especially when water allocation is controlled from the upstream Farakka Barrage. This study presents the changes and consequences in the hydrologic regime due to climate‐ and human‐induced stresses. Flow duration curves (FDCs), rainfall elasticity, and temperature sensitivity were used to assess the pre‐ and post‐barrage water flow patterns. Hydrologic and climate indices were computed to provide insight on hydro‐climatic variability and trend. Significant increases in temperature, evapotranspiration, hot days, heating, and cooling degree days indicate the region is heading toward a warmer climate. Moreover, increase in high‐intensity rainfall of short duration is making the region prone to extreme floods. FDCs depict a large reduction in river flows between pre‐ and post‐barrage periods, resulting in lower water storage capacity. The reduction in freshwater flow increased the extent and intensity of salinity intrusion. This freshwater scarcity is reducing livelihood options considerably and indirectly forcing population migration from the delta region. Understanding the causes and directions of hydrologic changes is essential to formulate improve water resources management in the region.     

Climate and Land Use Effects on Hydrologic Processes in a Primarily Rain‐Fed,Agricultural Watershed

Anticipating changes in hydrologic variables is essential for making socioeconomic water resource decisions. This study aims to assess the potential impact of land use and climate change on the hydrologic processes of a primarily rain‐fed, agriculturally based watershed in Missouri. A detailed evaluation was performed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool for the near future (2020–2039) and mid‐century (2040–2059). Land use scenarios were mapped using the Conversion of Land Use and its Effects model. Ensemble results, based on 19 climate models, indicated a temperature increase of about 1.0°C in near future and 2.0°C in mid‐century. Combined climate and land use change scenarios showed distinct annual and seasonal hydrologic variations. Annual precipitation was projected to increase from 6% to 7%, which resulted in 14% more spring days with soil water content equal to or exceeding field capacity in mid‐century. However, summer precipitation was projected to decrease, a critical factor for crop growth. Higher temperatures led to increased potential evapotranspiration during the growing season. Combined with changes in precipitation patterns, this resulted in an increased need for irrigation by 38 mm representing a 10% increase in total irrigation water use. Analysis from multiple land use scenarios indicated converting agriculture to forest land can potentially mitigate the effects of climate change on streamflow, thus ensuring future water availability.     

毛竹遗态 Fe2O3／Fe3O4／C 复合材料对水中锑（III）的吸附研究

以毛竹遗态Fe2 O3／Fe3 O4／C复合材料为吸附剂,锑（III ）初始含量、溶液初始pH值、吸附剂投加量以及吸附剂粒径为影响因素开展吸附影响研究。结果表明,随着锑（III ）初始浓度的升高,毛竹遗态Fe2 O3／Fe3 O4／C复合材料对锑（III ）的吸附量逐渐增加;初始溶液pH为7时,对锑（III ）的吸附效果最好,吸附量为4．7821 mg／g;块状吸附剂对水中锑（III ）的去除率和吸附量与粉末状吸附剂吸附效果相当。     

A~2/O联合臭氧污泥减量技术的改造研究

研究了臭氧化污泥减量技术联合A~2/O、倒置A~2/O与传统A~2/O在出水和污泥产率上的变化。结果表明,臭氧化A~2/O、臭氧化倒置A~2/O的出水与传统A~2/O相比未出现恶化,它们对COD和含氮物质的去除率分别为87.4%,53.7%和93%,66.5%,存在倒置A~2/O对臭氧混合液中有机质及含氮物质的利用率较A~2/O高的可能。试验按每克SS投加0.05 g O_3对A2/O与倒置A~2/O产生的约60%剩余污泥处理时,在短期内未造成出水磷含量的大幅升高,并且出水磷含量受臭氧混合液DO、二沉池底部DO的影响,两系统的污泥产率分别较传统A~2/O降低50%,56%。     

Bi/Fe_3O_4催化NaBH_4还原水中对硝基苯酚

以磁性Fe_3O_4为载体负载Bi(NO_3)_3,再用NaBH_4还原Bi~(3+)制备了Bi/Fe_3O_4催化剂。采用XRD和紫外-可见光谱对催化剂进行表征。考察了Bi负载量、NaBH_4加入量和Bi/Fe_3O_4加入量对Bi/Fe_3O_4催化NaBH_4还原对硝基苯酚(4-NP)效果的影响。表征结果显示:当催化剂中Bi含量较少时,Bi分散良好;当Bi含量较多时,会形成纳米颗粒。实验结果表明:当反应温度为25℃,初始4-NP浓度为4.0 mmol/L时,在Bi负载量为5%(w)、Bi/Fe_3O_4催化剂加入量为500 mg/L,NaBH_4加入量为6.0 g/L的条件下,反应速率常数为0.581 min~(-1),4-NP的去除率为99.7%;Bi/Fe_3O_4催化剂稳定性好,重复使用15次后,活性基本不变。     

反硝化颗粒污泥在纳米零价铁胁迫下的性能恢复

为探明纳米零价铁(nZVI)对反硝化颗粒污泥(DGS)潜在的胁迫效应,本研究通过连续多批次实验,考察了经历n ZVI短期冲击后,DGS反硝化活性在不同C/N比条件下的恢复情况.结果表明,当nZVI投加量高于5 mg·L~(-1)时,DGS比反硝化速率(μ)会出现下降,对应的比反硝化抑制率(IR)与基质C/N比、nZVI投加量呈现正相关.当nZVI投加量达到100 mg·L~(-1)时,胞外蛋白与多糖含量均明显降低.此时,充足的外加碳源(C/N≥4)将有助于促进DGS反硝化活性的恢复和减少去除单位硝态氮所消耗的COD值.由Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温线的拟合结果可知,基质C/N比越高,DGS对n ZVI的吸附能力就越强.在恢复期内,泥相中总铁含量(Qe)的持续削减为高C/N比条件下,DGS反硝化活性的提升创造了有利条件.当Qe降至0.4 mg·g~(-1)以下时,μ值可达到或接近对照组的水平.     

SO2和H2O对Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂低温SCR活性的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法制备Mn-Ce/TiO_2低温SCR催化剂并考察其活性,研究了SO_2和H_2O对Mn-Ce/TiO_2低温脱硝催化剂的影响,并运用XRD、BET、SEM和FT-IR对中毒前后的催化剂进行表征。结果表明,催化剂在无SO_2和H_2O条件下具有良好的脱硝性能,在140℃时NO_x去除率达到84%。但若向模拟烟气中加入SO_2和H_2O,则随其体积分数增大对催化剂活性产生明显抑制作用。当H_2O的体积分数为5%、SO_2为700×10-6时,反应4 h后,NO_x去除率降为53%。H_2O对催化剂的抑制作用随H_2O的除去而消除,H_2O主要通过与NO_x的竞争吸附来抑制催化剂的活性。低浓度的SO_2对催化剂活性影响较小,SO_2体积分数为100×10~(-6)时,稳定后NO_x去除率仍能维持在80%以上,但较高体积分数的SO_2引起的催化剂失活不可自行恢复。SO_2毒化作用主要是引起了硫酸铵盐覆盖催化剂的表面活性位,以及造成活性组分MnO_x的晶化,并破坏了MnO_x与TiO_2间的强相互作用。H_2O和SO_2共同存在时,H_2O可以弱化SO_2对催化剂的毒化作用,主要因为H_2O与SO_2的竞争吸附作用而使SO_2对催化剂活性的影响减弱。     

SBR不同进水中反硝化除磷颗粒污泥的培养

分别以人工配水、加Ca~(2+)人工配水和实际生活污水为进水水源,在A/O/A运行模式的3套SBR反应器(R1、R2和R3)中培养反硝化除磷颗粒污泥,研究了其生化特性和启动过程的除污性能,分析了反硝化除磷能力,最后对颗粒化机理进行了探讨,重点考察了反硝化除磷颗粒污泥启动过程中对COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP的去除情况.结果表明,R1~R3均在30 d内成功得到反硝化除磷颗粒污泥,颗粒污泥平均粒径大于600μm,比重和比耗氧速率较大,含水率较低;培养过程中出水COD平均值低于40 mg·L~(-1),出水TN、NH+4-N及TP平均浓度低于1 mg·L~(-1);系统稳定后一个典型周期内试验表明,COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP的去除效果良好,对COD、NH+4-N、TN及TP的去除率可达90%以上;R1~R3中最大比释磷速率分别达14.34、8.32和2.32 mg·g·h~(-1)(以每g MLVSS每小时释放的P量(mg)计),R1~R2中最大比吸磷速率分别达14.13和2.34mg·g·h~(-1)(以每g MLVSS每小时吸收的P量(mg)计);试验结果表明,Ca~(2+)对颗粒化有促进作用.     

RGO/TiO2光催化降解2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸研究

通过Hummers法及紫外光/热还原工艺制得还原氧化石墨烯(RGO),采用溶胶-凝胶-煅烧法,以RGO和钛酸酊脂为前驱体制备出RGO/TiO2光催化复合材料,并利用XRD、FT-IR等对其进行了表征.对RGO/TiO2光催化降解性能的研究发现,复合光催化剂RGO/TiO2对2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)的光催化降解活性显著优于纯TiO2,并且发现负载量和pH值对光催化降解性能有较大的影响:RGO/TiO2投加量为1.2g·L~(-1)、RGO负载量2%、pH为3、初始浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)反应12 h,2,4-D去除率达到98.75%;2,4-D降解率随着RGO/TiO2投加量的增大先增大后减小;RGO/TiO2对2,4-D的降解为脱氯还原和催化氧化过程,产生氯酚、苯酚等中间产物.     

2014年北京市PM2.5质量浓度分析及比对研究

本研究选择污染严重的北京作为研究区域,自2013年12月起至2014年12月,通过设在北五环中国环境科学研究院(CRAES)内的定点监测,获得375天有效平行样品(T和Q)。统计结果表明,2014年北京市PM_(2.5)质量浓度从优良水平的6.9μg/m~3到极重污染的422.1μg/m~3,年均浓度值在100μg/m~3左右。T组和Q组线性相关,但T/Q并非定值,冬季最高,R~2=0.974,对应T/Q=1.014,可能由于冬季污染程度较重,滤膜性能差异可忽略。除春季外,其它三季的PM_(2.5)都是T组>Q组,与石英膜的纤维结构不够致密有关。以T组质量浓度数据为准,与国控监测点奥体中心点公报的日均PM_(2.5)进行比对,结果显示二者基本同步,在春冬季呈现较高的污染浓度,在夏季最低。在严重污染时(PM_(2.5)>250.0μg/m~3),在线监测可能低估PM_(2.5)而T组能更客观地记录实际污染状况。统计2014年全年污染等级分布,4~8月份基本未出现重度污染,而在冬季采暖期10~12月份,优良天数不足50%。综合分析风速、相对湿度对PM_(2.5)质量浓度的影响,证实冬季取暖燃煤和无风、高湿、逆温的静稳天气是霾频发的主要原因。