全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4621篇 |
免费 | 423篇 |
国内免费 | 1336篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 107篇 |
废物处理 | 11篇 |
环保管理 | 888篇 |
综合类 | 3259篇 |
基础理论 | 514篇 |
污染及防治 | 234篇 |
评价与监测 | 358篇 |
社会与环境 | 802篇 |
灾害及防治 | 207篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 37篇 |
2023年 | 109篇 |
2022年 | 222篇 |
2021年 | 217篇 |
2020年 | 225篇 |
2019年 | 211篇 |
2018年 | 183篇 |
2017年 | 224篇 |
2016年 | 267篇 |
2015年 | 320篇 |
2014年 | 229篇 |
2013年 | 323篇 |
2012年 | 364篇 |
2011年 | 401篇 |
2010年 | 250篇 |
2009年 | 259篇 |
2008年 | 250篇 |
2007年 | 292篇 |
2006年 | 282篇 |
2005年 | 242篇 |
2004年 | 185篇 |
2003年 | 146篇 |
2002年 | 152篇 |
2001年 | 119篇 |
2000年 | 131篇 |
1999年 | 125篇 |
1998年 | 92篇 |
1997年 | 75篇 |
1996年 | 55篇 |
1995年 | 66篇 |
1994年 | 54篇 |
1993年 | 41篇 |
1992年 | 27篇 |
1991年 | 21篇 |
1990年 | 24篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 13篇 |
1987年 | 11篇 |
1986年 | 18篇 |
1985年 | 12篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 8篇 |
1982年 | 14篇 |
1981年 | 9篇 |
1980年 | 14篇 |
1979年 | 12篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
1972年 | 4篇 |
1971年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有6380条查询结果,搜索用时 953 毫秒
371.
Yingyi Zhang Senchao Lai Zhen Zhao Fobang Liu Hongwei Chen Shichun Zou Zhiyong Xie Ralf Ebinghaus 《Chemosphere》2013
An intensive campaign was conducted in September 2012 to collect surface water samples along the tributaries of the Pearl River in southern China. Thirteen perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs, C4–C11) and perfluorosulfonates (PFSAs, C4, C6–C8, and C10), were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/(-)ESI–MS/MS). The concentrations of total PFAAs (ΣPFAAs) ranged from 3.0 to 52 ng L−1, with an average of 19 ± 12 ng L−1. The highest concentrations of ΣPFAAs were detected in the surface water of the Dong Jiang tributary (17–52 ng L−1), followed by the main stream (13–26 ng L−1) and the Sha Wan stream (3.0–4.5 ng L−1). Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were the three most abundant PFAAs and on average accounted for 20%, 24%, and 19% of ΣPFAAs, respectively. PFBS was the most abundant PFAA in the Dong Jiang tributary, and PFOA was the highest PFAA in the samples from the main stream of the Pearl River. A correlation was found between PFBS and PFOA, which suggests that both of these PFAAs originate from common source(s) in the region. Nevertheless, the slope of PFBS/PFOA was different in the different tributaries sampled, which indicates a spatial difference in the source profiles of the PFAAs. 相似文献
372.
A GIS based pesticide risk indicator that integrates exposure variables (i.e. pesticide application, geographic, physicochemical and crop data) and toxicity endpoints (using species sensitivity distributions) was developed to estimate the Predicted Relative Exposure (PREX) and Predicted Relative Risk (PRRI) of applied pesticides to aquatic ecosystem health in the Lourens River catchment, Western Cape, South Africa. Samples were collected weekly at five sites from the beginning of the spraying season (October) till the beginning of the rainy season (April) and were semi quantitatively analysed for relevant pesticides applied according to the local farmers spraying programme. Monitoring data indicate that physicochemical data obtained from international databases are reliable indicators of pesticide behaviour in the Western Cape of South Africa. Sensitivity analysis identified KOC as the most important parameter influencing predictions of pesticide loading derived from runoff. A comparison to monitoring data showed that the PREX successfully identified hotspot sites, gave a reasonable estimation of the relative contamination potential of different pesticides at a site and identified important routes of exposure (i.e. runoff or spray drift) of different pesticides at different sites. All pesticides detected during a monitored runoff event, were indicated as being more associated with runoff than spray drift by the PREX. The PRRI identified azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos as high risk pesticides towards the aquatic ecosystem. These results contribute to providing increased confidence in the use of risk indicator applications and, in particular, could lead to improved utilisation of limited resources for monitoring and management in resource constrained countries. 相似文献
373.
Fernandez L 《Journal of environmental management》2008,89(4):308-321
Maritime shipping has two vectors of spreading marine invasive species: ballast water inside the ship and biofouling on the hulls outside the ship. While some attention has focused on ballast water, virtually none is focused on biofouling. This paper offers a quantitative analysis of economic incentives for shippers and regulating ports to address both pollution vectors. The strategies to address the vectors are induced by incentive mechanisms involving liability, subsidies and taxes. Results show these offer ample incentives in order to truly foster abatement of both vectors. Data from North America's Pacific coast is included in the analysis. 相似文献
374.
Kondolf GM Angermeier PL Cummins K Dunne T Healey M Kimmerer W Moyle PB Murphy D Patten D Railsback S Reed DJ Spies R Twiss R 《Environmental management》2008,42(6):933-945
Despite increasingly large investments, the potential ecological effects of river restoration programs are still small compared
to the degree of human alterations to physical and ecological function. Thus, it is rarely possible to “restore” pre-disturbance
conditions; rather restoration programs (even large, well-funded ones) will nearly always involve multiple small projects,
each of which can make some modest change to selected ecosystem processes and habitats. At present, such projects are typically
selected based on their attributes as individual projects (e.g., consistency with programmatic goals of the funders, scientific
soundness, and acceptance by local communities), and ease of implementation. Projects are rarely prioritized (at least explicitly)
based on how they will cumulatively affect ecosystem function over coming decades. Such projections require an understanding
of the form of the restoration response curve, or at least that we assume some plausible relations and estimate cumulative
effects based thereon. Drawing on our experience with the CALFED Bay-Delta Ecosystem Restoration Program in California, we
consider potential cumulative system-wide benefits of a restoration activity extensively implemented in the region: isolating/filling
abandoned floodplain gravel pits captured by rivers to reduce predation of outmigrating juvenile salmon by exotic warmwater
species inhabiting the pits. We present a simple spreadsheet model to show how different assumptions about gravel pit bathymetry
and predator behavior would affect the cumulative benefits of multiple pit-filling and isolation projects, and how these insights
could help managers prioritize which pits to fill. 相似文献
375.
376.
Severe drinking water shortage affects all resident of the Kabul river basin. Two and a half decades of civil war in Afghanistan
(it began in late 1978) have resulted in widespread environmental degradation and water resource development throughout the
country. The war has already finished and, therefore, water resource management for supplying water is one of the most important
tasks for Afghanistan’s government. The Kabul river basin which is the most populated area in the country is located in the
eastern part of Afghanistan. This article deals with the water resource properties of the Kabul river basin and also water
demand in the important cities of the basin, such as Kabul, the capital and the largest city in the country. Also a few suggestions
for providing water for domestic and agriculture purposes in short term, medium time and long term have been discussed. 相似文献
377.
Spent hydroprocessing catalysts from refineries have been classified as hazardous solid waste by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), refiners must find a viable but economical solution to solve this serious environmental issue. Catalyst rejuvenation is an attractive option for minimizing the environmental problems associated with spent catalysts. In this study, a preliminary design for such a process and the corresponding economic analysis are performed to assess the proposed catalyst rejuvenation process for metal-fouled spent catalysts generated in residue hydroprocessing units. The scenarios used in the economic assessment are based on three options of process synthesis and two operator modes. It is found that the option of rejuvenating medium and lightly fouled spent catalyst produced by the refinery will be the best solution for refiners, both environmentally and economically. 相似文献
378.
The measurement of the bed shear stress along vegetated river beds is essential for accurately predicting the water level, velocity and solute and sediment transport fluxes in computational hydroenvironmental models. Details are given herein of an experimental and theoretical study to determine the bed boundary shear stress along vegetated river beds introducing a novel field measuring method, namely the FliessWasserStammtisch (FST)-hemispheres. Although investigations have been conducted previously for sedimentary channels using the FST-hemispheres, this preliminary study is thought to be the first time that such hemispheres have been used to investigate the bed shear stresses in vegetated channels. FST-hemispheres were first developed by Statzner and Müller [1989. Standard hemispheres as indicators of flow characteristics in lotic benthos research. Freshwater Biology 21, 445-459] to act as an integrated indicator of the gross hydrodynamic stresses present near the bed. Test and validation data were found to be at least of the same order of magnitude for the stresses predicted from literature for sedimentary channels, with this study establishing the commencement of a database of calibrated FST-hemisphere laboratory data for vegetated channel beds. In a series of experiments, depths ranging from 0.1 to 0.28m were considered, equating directly to comparable conditions in small rivers or streams. The results of this study provide a basis for enabling the FST-hemispheres to be used to evaluate the boundary shear stress for a wider range of applications in the future, including vegetated river beds. 相似文献
379.
River damming provides a dominant human impact on river environments worldwide, and while local impacts of reservoir flooding
are immediate, subsequent ecological impacts downstream can be extensive. In this article, we assess seven research strategies
for analyzing the impacts of dams and river flow regulation on riparian ecosystems. These include spatial comparisons of (1)
upstream versus downstream reaches, (2) progressive downstream patterns, or (3) the dammed river versus an adjacent free-flowing
or differently regulated river(s). Temporal comparisons consider (4) pre- versus post-dam, or (5) sequential post-dam conditions.
However, spatial comparisons are complicated by the fact that dams are not randomly located, and temporal comparisons are
commonly limited by sparse historic information. As a result, comparative approaches are often correlative and vulnerable
to confounding factors. To complement these analyses, (6) flow or sediment modifications can be implemented to test causal
associations. Finally, (7) process-based modeling represents a predictive approach incorporating hydrogeomorphic processes
and their biological consequences. In a case study of Hells Canyon, the upstream versus downstream comparison is confounded
by a dramatic geomorphic transition. Comparison of the multiple reaches below the dams should be useful, and the comparison
of Snake River with the adjacent free-flowing Salmon River may provide the strongest spatial comparison. A pre- versus post-dam
comparison would provide the most direct study approach, but pre-dam information is limited to historic reports and archival
photographs. We conclude that multiple study approaches are essential to provide confident interpretations of ecological impacts
downstream from dams, and propose a comprehensive study for Hells Canyon that integrates multiple research strategies. 相似文献
380.