海河流域草地生态系统服务功能及其价值评估

草地生态系统为人类提供了畜产品和生命支持两个方面的多种服务功能,但人们常关注产品提供功能而忽视生命支持功能。研究采用联合国千年生态系统评估框架,构建了海河流域草地生态系统服务功能的评估指标体系,并以2005年为基准年,运用市场价值法、影子价格法等多种方法对海河流域草地生态系统进行经济价值评估。结果表明,海河流域草地面积为6.67×10¹⁰ m²,提供产品、固碳、保持土壤、净化环境等8项服务功能的总价值为2 216.28×10⁸元,单位面积价值为3.32元/(m²·a)。其中,提供产品的价值量最大,占总价值的31.3%,其次是固碳和营养物质保持功能的价值,分别占总价值的26.8%、22.2%。海河流域草地生态系统除了具有重要的产品提供功能外,固碳、营养物质保持等生命支持功能的巨大经济价值也不容忽视,平衡兼顾草地生态系统的产品提供功能和生命支持功能有助于促进海河流域经济社会发展与生态保护的协调。     

基于RS与GIS的长江三角洲生态环境脆弱性综合评价

使用空间主成分分析法构建评价指标体系,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,结合遥感数据与地理信息系统软件,对长江三角洲生态环境脆弱性进行了综合评价,并对脆弱性成因进行了分析. 结果表明,长江三角洲生态环境极度和重度脆弱区主要分布在其中部的太湖流域和浙江中西部,占整个研究区的20.10%;轻度和中度脆弱区遍布于整个研究区,占55.25%;微度脆弱区主要分布在江苏北部和浙江东部,占24.65%. 总体来看,长江三角洲大部分区域的生态环境属轻度和中度脆弱. 影响长江三角洲生态环境脆弱性的自然因素有≥35 ℃日数、旱涝分布、海拔高度、归一化植被指数（NDVI）年累加值、景观多样性指数和土壤侵蚀强度;人为因素有人均耕地面积、人均水资源、人均废水排放量、人均废气排放量、化肥施用强度、土地利用变化、“三废”综合利用产品产值、人口密度和GDP. 极度和重度脆弱区生态环境的主要特征是自然灾害发生频率大、资源匮乏、污染强度大、土壤侵蚀严重和生物多样性低.      

成渝经济区河流表层沉积物中多溴联苯醚的分布特征

在成渝经济区内采集了19个表层沉积物样品,采用GC/MS方法对其中的PBDEs(Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers,多溴联苯醚)进行了检测. 结果表明,沉积物中w(ΣPBDEs)(ΣPBDEs包括BDE-1,BDE-15,BDE-17,BDE-28,BDE-47,BDE-66,BDE-71,BDE-85,BDE-99,BDE-100,BDE-126,BDE-138,BDE-153,BDE-154,BDE-166,BDE-181,BDE-183和BDE-190)为0.20～6.45 ng/g,w(BDE-209)为0.44～6.29 ng/g. 与其他地区相比,成渝经济区内PBDEs的污染水平相对较低, 大部分样品中的PBDEs以BDE-209为主,说明成渝经济区河流沉积物中的PBDEs主要来自十溴联苯醚; 但PBDEs的组成特征显示,彭山岷江大桥沉积物中的PBDEs主要来自五溴联苯醚,而官渡沉积物中的PBDEs主要来自八溴联苯醚. 此外,一些以往工作较少关注的PBDEs单体,如BDE-1,BDE-15,BDE-181和BDE-190等,不但在沉积物中的检出率较高(均高于70%),而且有的含量也相对较高.      

2008年秋季珠江三角洲污染气象分析

利用2008年10月15日至11月20日珠江三角洲从化、广州、开平三地的加强观测资料,分析了加强观测期间珠江三角洲的污染气象特征.结果表明,观测期间,造成珠江三角洲空气污染的天气形势可分为冷锋前部型、高压底部型、高压脊控制型3类.冷锋前部型易造成珠江三角洲中部和东北部污染;高压底部型易造成珠江三角洲西南部污染;高压脊控制型易造成珠江三角洲局地性污染.珠江三角洲城市群污染与盛行东北风且日平均风速小于2m/s有密切关系,大部分时间珠江三角洲西南部出现污染,是由于污染物沿着主导风向输送并累积造成.     

广西刁江沿岸土壤As,Pb和Zn污染的分布规律差异

分析了刁江流域矿区尾砂和上、中、下游地区土壤剖面重金属的含量. 结果表明:刁江流域上、中、下游地区都不同程度受到As,Pb和Zn的污染. 上游(距污染源16 km)表层土壤中w(As),w(Pb)和w(Zn)与尾砂相当,分别高达2.4×104,5.6×103 和1.2×104 mg/kg,下游拉烈和百旺(分别距污染源154和192 km)2个采样点表层土壤中w(As),w(Pb)和w(Zn)的平均值分别是《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)三级标准的47.05,1.81和5.48倍. 表层土壤中w(As)和w(Pb)随采样点距污染源的距离增加呈幂函数下降,w(Zn)呈线性下降,表明Zn在流域内的迁移能力大于Pb和As. 土壤剖面中3种重金属的质量分数均随土层深度的增加呈降低趋势,在土壤剖面的迁移能力表现为Zn>Pb>As. 总体上看,刁江流域土壤污染与尾砂中重金属的形态及其迁移特征密切相关,尾砂的排放控制和治理应该是刁江流域污染整治的关键.      

浙江西苕溪水环境容量模型与参数灵敏度分析

针对浙江西苕溪河月流量丰枯悬殊较大、流速小、存在倒流的特点,建立了零维反复流水环境容量模型.以水功能区为基础划分计算单元,选取频率P=50%、75%、90%和近10年最枯月流量为设计水文条件,分别计算了西苕溪CODCr、氨氮、总氮、总磷的水环境容量值;对模型参数进行了蒙特卡罗模拟分析,95%置信水平下,CODcr环境容量置信区间为[17982 t/a,45489 t/a],氨氮为[493t/a,1624t/a],总氮为[435 t/a,1332t/a],总磷为[20t/a,147t/a];模拟结果给了流量、降解系数不确定条件下水环境容量的所有可能值,为决策者提供了更全面的信息.参数灵敏度分析结果表明,各站流量对各污染物环境容量均最敏感,方差贡献占73.3%~99.1%,而降解系数中除k2对CODCr具有一定影响外,其余影响最小,说明计算水环境容量时,选择合适的设计流量极为重要.     

Modeling estuarine-shelf exchanges in a deltaic estuary: Implications for coastal carbon budgets and hypoxia

The export of wetland-derived materials to the coastal ocean (i.e., the “Outwelling” hypothesis) has received considerable attention over the past several decades. While a number of studies have shown that estuaries export appreciable amounts of nutrients and carbon, few studies have attempted to estimate the importance of estuarine sources for the coastal carbon budgets in river-dominated coastal ecosystems. A novel tidal prism model was developed to examine estuarine-shelf exchanges in the Barataria estuary, a deltaic estuary located in the north-central Gulf of Mexico. This estuary has been the site of a massive wetland loss, and it has been hypothesized that carbon export from the eroding coastal wetlands supports the development of a large hypoxic zone in the coastal Gulf of Mexico. The model results show that the Barataria estuary receives nitrogen through the tidal passes and releases carbon to the coastal ocean. The mean calculated tidal water discharge of 6930 m³ s⁻¹ is equivalent to about 43% of the lower Mississippi River discharge. The annual total organic carbon (TOC) export is 109 million kg, or 57 gC m² yr⁻¹ when prorated to the total water area of the estuary. This carbon export is equivalent to a loss of 0.5 m of wetland soil horizon over an area of 8.4 km², and accounts for about 34% of the observed annual wetland loss in the estuary between 1978 and 2000. Compared to the lower Mississippi River, the Barataria estuary appears to be a very small source of TOC for the northern Gulf of Mexico (2.7% of riverine TOC), and is unlikely to have a significant influence on the development of the Gulf's hypoxia.     

Emergy analysis using US economic input-output models with applications to life cycles of gasoline and corn ethanol

A commonly encountered challenge in emergy analysis is the lack of transformity data for many economic products and services. To overcome this challenge, emergy analysts approximate the emergy input from the economy via a single emergy/money ratio for the country and the monetary price of economic inputs. This amounts to assuming homogeneity in the entire economy, and can introduce serious uncertainties in the results. This paper proposes and demonstrates the use of a thermodynamically augmented economic input-output model of the US economy for obtaining sector-specific emergy to money ratios that can be used instead of a single ratio. These ratios at the economy scale are more accurate than a single economy-wide emergy/money ratio, and can be obtained quickly for hundreds of economic products and services. Comparing sector-specific emergy/money ratios with those from conventional emergy studies indicates that the input-output model can provide reasonable estimates of transformities at least as a stop-gap measure until more detailed analysis is completed. A hybrid approach to emergy analysis is introduced and compared with conventional emergy analysis using life cycles of corn ethanol and gasoline as examples. Emergy and transformity data from the hybrid approach are similar to those from conventional emergy analysis, indicating the usefulness of the proposed approach. In addition, this work proposes the metric of return on emergy investment for assessing product alternatives with the same utility such as transportation fuels. The proposed approach and data may be used easily via web-based software.     

Application of a temperature-dependent von Bertalanffy growth model to bullhead (Cottus gobio)

The most studied and commonly applied model of fish growth is the von Bertalanffy model. However, this model does not take water temperature into account, which is one of the most important environmental factors affecting the life cycle of fish, as many physiological processes that determine growth, e.g. metabolic rate and oxygen supply, are directly influenced by temperature. In the present study we propose a version of the von Bertalanffy growth model that includes mean annual water temperatures by correlating the growth coefficient, k, explicitly and the asymptotic length, L_∞, implicitly to water temperature. All relationships include parameters with an obvious biological relevance that makes them easier to identify. The model is used to fit growth data of bullhead (Cottus gobio) at different locations in the Bez River network (Drme, France). We show that temperature explains much of the growth variability at the different sampling sites of the network.     

浅谈城市绿化建设

城市绿化是改善城市生态环境,提升城市形象,提高城市居民生活质量的有效途径之一.笔者提出了城市绿化的概念和内涵,提出了城市绿化必须坚持的三个原则:生态原则、坚持景观效应、坚持经济原则,分析了当前我国城市绿化存在的主要问题,并提出了改进的思路和措施.参10.