响应面法优化厌氧上清液除磷的研究

在用铁盐对厌氧段富磷上清液进行化学磷沉淀以实现磷的回收和达标排放的SBR系统中,为了减少铁盐化学除磷残余物可能对生物处理系统的影响,采用Box-Benhnken中心组合试验原理和响应面分析法,选择Fe:P、混凝搅拌强度、絮凝搅拌强度、搅拌时间等为自变量,残余铁离子为响应值,研究自变量之间的交互作用,以期优化化学除磷条件.通过Design-Expert 8.0软件得到1个二次响应曲面模型.得出最佳除磷条件:Fe:P比为1.40:1,搅拌强度为275r/min,快速搅拌时间为30s,絮凝搅拌强度为60r/min,絮凝时间为18min,沉淀时间为20min.在此条件下,化学混凝后残余铁离子浓度为0.37mg/L,化学除磷率大于97.66%.     

Biostability in distribution systems in one city in southern China：Characteristics, modeling and control strategy

This study investigated the bacterial regrowth in drinking water distribution systems receiving finished water from an advanced drinking water treatment plant in one city in southem China. Thirteen nodes in two water supply zones with different aged pipelines were selected to monitor water temperature, dissolved oxygen （DO）, chloramine residual, assimilable organic carbon （AOC）, and heterotrophic plate counts （HPC）. Regression and principal component analyses indicated that HPC had a strong correlation with chloramine residual. Based on Chick-Watson＇s Law and the Monod equation, biostability curves under different conditions were developed to achieve the goal of HPC 100 CFU/mL. The biostability curves could interpret the scenario under various AOC concentrations and predict the required chloramine residual concentration under the condition of high AOC level. The simulation was also carded out to predict the scenario with a stricter HPC goal （≤50 CFU/mL） and determine the required chloramine residual. The biological regrowth control strategy was assessed using biostability curve analysis. The results indicated that maintaining high chloramine residual concentration was the most practical way to achieve the goal of HPC ≤ 100 CFU/mL. Biostability curves could be a very useful tool for biostability control in distribution systems. This work could provide some new insights towards biostability control in real distribution systems.     

Biosorption mechanisms involved in immobilization of soil Pb by Bacillus subtilis DBM in a multimetal-contaminated soil

Mechanisms of soil Pb immobilization by Bacillus subtilis DBM, a bacterial strain isolated from a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, were investigated. Adsorption and desorption experiments with living bacterial cells as well as dead cells revealed that both extracellular adsorption and intracellular accumulation were involved in the Pb2＋removal from the liquid phase. Of the sequestered Pb（II）, 8.5% was held by physical entrapment within the cell wall, 43.3% was held by ion-exchange, 9.7% was complexed with cell surface functional groups or precipitated on the cell surface, and 38.5% was intracellularly accumulated.Complexation of Pb2＋with carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, amido, and phosphate groups was demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Precipitates of Pb5（PO4）3OH, Pb5（PO4）3Cl and Pb10（PO4）6（OH）2that formed on the cell surface during the biosorption process were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. Transmission electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of the Pb（II）precipitates and that Pb（II） could be sequestered both extracellularly and intracellularly.Incubation with B. subtilis DBM significantly decreased the amount of the weak-acid-soluble Pb fraction in a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, resulting in a reduction in Pb bioavailability, but increased the amount of its organic-matter-bound fraction by 71%. The ability of B.subtilis DBM to reduce the bioavailability of soil Pb makes it potentially useful for bacteria-assisted phytostabilization of multi-heavy-metal-contaminated soil.     

我国清洁生产审核现状分析

清洁生产是我国工业可持续发展的一项重要战略.但目前有些清洁生产审核机构的清洁生产审核工作还存在着“粗放”现象,不利于清洁生产可持续发展.本文结合清洁生产审核现状,针对清洁生产审核过程中存在的问题,进行了系统分析.作者认为,树立群体意识、加强领导的表率作用,对促进我国清洁生产审核工作持续、稳定、健康发展,推进环境污染防治工作具有重要意义.     

生态经济城市建设的SWOT分析与策略研究——以粤北山区韶关市为研究样本

生态经济城市通过城市生态、经济与社会系统的动态协调,形成一个生态高度有效保护、经济良性高效发展、人与自然和谐相处的整体功能系统,代表了现代和未来城市发展的方向.作为全国首批六个生态文明建设试点地区之一和广东省的生态发展区,韶关市加快生态经济城市建设符合这一发展潮流和趋势.根据SWOT分析方法,对韶关市生态经济城市建设面临的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战进行分析,不仅为韶关生态经济城市建设提供策略依据,而且为其它类似地区的生态经济城市建设提供借鉴.     

现代物流绿色运输模式的节能减排潜力分析

介绍了现代物流绿色运输模式节能减排的机理及国内外研究与应用情况。以北京市三家店铁路货场改造为例,分析了现代物流绿色运输模式在北京市节能减排的效果。结果表明,以该模式运营后,三家店铁路货场可节约能源20 555 t/a(以标煤计,下同),减少PM2.5排放90.9 t/a;如按1 500万t/a进京货物计算,北京市可节约能源883 864 t/a,减少PM2.5排放3 908.7 t/a。在2012年物流业相关统计的基础上,结合该模式在北京运营的效果,分析了现代物流绿色运输模式对我国物流业节能减排的潜力,如对现有铁路闲置的2 546个货运站进行固定资产盘活改造,可节约能源5 000万t/a,减少PM2.5排放约20万t/a,同时激活沿途经济发展,节能减排潜力巨大。     

1987-2006年厦门市土地利用变化检测分析

通过对厦门市五个时相的土地利用变化检测,分析了厦门市1987年-2006年间各分区的土地利用变化及各地类在各年间的变化情况,并分析其变化原因.     

上海市夏冬两季PM_(2.5)中碳组分污染特征及来源解析

2009年7月和2010年1月在上海市华东理工大学采样点采集PM2.5样品,应用热/光碳分析仪对样品中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)进行了测定,并计算得到了二次有机碳(SOC)、char-EC和soot-EC的质量浓度。结果显示:采样期间PM2.5、OC、EC、SOC、char-EC、soot-EC夏季平均浓度分别为(58.87±20.04)、(11.37±4.12)、(3.68±1.27)、(4.37±2.86)、(3.00±1.24)和(0.68±0.30)μg/m3;冬季平均浓度分别为(142.31±45.47)、(16.01±4.43)、(5.53±2.36)、(5.67±2.92)、(5.11±2.35)和(0.42±0.17)μg/m3,除soot-EC外,均呈现夏季低、冬季高的特点。在不同空气质量下,OC、EC和char-EC的质量浓度具有明显差异,且三者均与能见度、平均风速呈显著负相关。夏冬两季soot-EC、char-EC、SOC和POC占TC的百分含量相差不大,其中POC/TC值最高,soot-EC/TC值最低。夏季SOC/TC的比值高于冬季,可能由于气温高有利于发生光化学反应。对8个碳组分进行主成分分析,结果显示,燃煤、生物质燃烧、汽油和柴油车排放对PM2.5中碳组分的贡献显著,并且可能受燃煤和汽油车排放的影响最大。     

灰色关联分析的季节性污水处理能耗评价研究

辽宁某污水处理厂采用A/O工艺处理生活污水,工艺运行中能源消耗较大,节能降耗是企业降低污水处理成本的重要环节。通过对该厂监测数据研究发现污水处理能源消耗与季节性因素关系密切。为制定合理的节能工艺运行策略,需要对该厂污水处理能耗状况进行季节性评价研究。文中在综合考虑污水处理能耗与环境因素、工艺运行参数和污水处理效果关系的基础上,选取与污水处理过程密切相关的16个季节性指标,利用各指标四季监测数据波动范围将其划分为3个等级标准,并运用灰色关联分析方法进行四季综合能耗等级评价分析。分析结果表明,目前污水处理厂的工艺运行设置状态更适合于夏季运行,春季和秋季运行状况较为合理,而冬季运行能源浪费较大,应调整运行参数设置,在尾水达标的前提下实现降低能耗的目标。     

溴氰虫酰胺及其代谢物在土壤和葱中残留行为

论文建立了溴氰虫酰胺及其代谢产物J9Z38在土壤和葱中残留量的高效液相色谱三重四级杆串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)测定方法,其最小检出量分别为0.1×10-9g和0.5×10-9g;溴氰虫酰胺和J9Z38在葱和土壤样品中最低检出浓度均为0.01 mg/kg。在0.01~0.1mg/kg添加水平下,溴氰虫酰胺在土壤和葱中添加回收率分别为87.8%~99.3%和79.6%~100.3%,相对标准偏差分别为1.6%~4.6%和5.1%~7.2%;J9Z38在土壤和葱中添加回收率分别为76.0%~100.8%和77.8%~98.9%,相对标准偏差分别为5.6%~10.0%和4.2%~8.3%,均符合农药残留量分析的要求。同时,为了解100 g/L溴氰虫酰胺油悬剂在葱上施用后,溴氰虫酰胺在土壤和葱中的残留消解动态及最终残留状况,在北京和山东两地开展了大田试验研究。结果表明,溴氰虫酰胺在土壤和葱中的残留消解半衰期分别为1.3~2.6 d和2.4~4.3 d,属于易降解农药。100 g/L溴氰虫酰胺油悬剂按推荐剂量和1.5倍推荐剂量在葱中各施药3次和4次,距最后一次施药1 d时,溴氰虫酰胺在葱中最高残留量为0.13 mg/kg,表明100 g/L溴氰虫酰胺油悬剂在葱中使用后,溴氰虫酰胺在葱中的残留量较低。