分子氧氧化环己烯反应机理探讨

以分子氧为氧源,金属配合物催化氧化环己烯.反应过程以自由基反应机理为主,在环己烯分子的C=C键和烯丙基碳原子上进行反应,主要产物为2-环己烯-1-过氧化氢(Ⅰ)、2-环己烯-1-酮(Ⅱ)、2-环己烯-1-醇(Ⅲ)和环己烯环氧化物(Ⅳ).当反应时间延长,可引发Ⅱ和Ⅲ型产物及2-环己烯-1-氧自由基β键断裂的分解反应,生成一系列链状产物.探讨了分子氧氧化环己烯反应的机理,并对该研究领域的前景进行了展望.     

Reaction mechanism of dicofol removal by cellulase

It remains unclear whether dicofol should be defined as a persistent organic pollutant. Its environmental persistence has gained attention. This study focused on its degradation by cellulase. Cellulase was separated using a gel chromatogram, and its degradation activity towards dicofol involved its endoglucanase activity. By analyzing the kinetic parameters of cellulase reacting with mixed substrates, it was shown that cellulase reacted on dicofol and carboxyl methyl cellulose through two different active centers. Thus, the degradation of dicofol was shown to be an oxidative process by cellulase. Next, by comparing the impacts of tert-butyl alcohol (a typical OH free-radical inhibitor) on the removal efficiencies of dicofol under both cellulase and Fenton reagent systems, it was shown that the removal of dicofol was initiated by OH free radicals produced by cellulase. Finally, 4,4′-dichloro-dibenzophenone and chloride were detected using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and ion chromatography analysis, which supported our hypothesis. The reaction mechanism was analyzed and involved an attack by OH free radicals at the orthocarbon of dicofol, resulting in the degradation product 4,4′-dichloro-dibenzophenone.     

臭氧-混凝耦合工艺污水深度处理特性及其机制

针对传统混凝工艺对溶解性有机物去除效果有限的问题,本文利用臭氧-混凝耦合工艺对污水处理厂二级出水进行深度处理.与相同混凝剂投量下的预臭氧-混凝工艺和传统混凝工艺相比,该耦合工艺处理效果明显优于预臭氧-混凝工艺和传统混凝工艺的处理效果.在两种pH条件下耦合工艺对溶解性有机污染物的去除率最大,分别为37.96%和39.66%.为了进一步明确该耦合工艺去除溶解性有机物的机制,测定了两种pH和有无混凝剂Al Cl3·6H2O存在时对臭氧衰减的影响,结果表明较高的pH和有混凝剂存在时都能够加快臭氧的分解速度.同时,选择羟基自由基(·OH)的指示剂对氯苯甲酸(p-CBA)间接计算了·OH的暴露量,结果表明耦合工艺中存在涉及·OH产生的高级氧化机制,而混凝剂可以提高臭氧化工艺中·OH的产量.当混凝剂与臭氧接触后,铝系混凝剂及其水解产物将作为催化剂促进臭氧分解为氧化能力更强的·OH,强化臭氧化效果,提高溶解性有机物的去除效率.     

Fe2+催化过碳酸钠降解水体中的磺胺二甲嘧啶

研究了过碳酸钠(SPC)在Fe~(2+)催化作用下对磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMT)的降解作用,探究了Fe~(2+)和SPC的初始浓度及溶液初始p H对Fe~(2+)/SPC体系降解磺胺二甲嘧啶的影响,分析了体系中起主要作用的活性物种,并采用HPLC-MS/MS技术鉴定其降解的主要产物并提出可能的降解途径.结果表明,适当提高Fe~(2+)与SPC初始浓度可以提高磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解率,但超过一定范围后反而会抑制其降解,实验中Fe~(2+)/SPC/SMT的最佳物质的量比为15∶10∶1,此时磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解率可以达到84%;溶液初始p H的提高会抑制磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解,但抑制幅度不大,即使在偏碱性条件下仍能达到75%的降解率;Fe~(2+)/SPC体系中主要活性物种是HO·;磺胺二甲嘧啶可能的降解途径有3种,主要包括苯环相连N原子的羟基化、磺酰胺键[S—N]的断裂及分子间重排脱SO2.     

Intrinsic chemiluminescence production from the degradation of haloaromatic pollutants during environmentally-friendly advanced oxidation processes: Mechanism, structure–activity relationship and potential applications

The ubiquitous distribution of halogenated aromatic compounds(XAr) coupled with their carcinogenicity has raised public concerns on their potential risks to both human health and the ecosystem. Recently, advanced oxidation processes(AOPs) have been considered as an"environmentally-friendly" technology for the remediation and destruction of such recalcitrant and highly toxic XAr. During our study on the mechanism of metal-independent production of hydroxyl radicals(UOH) by halogenated quinones and H_2O_2, we found, unexpectedly, that an unprecedented UOH-dependent two-step intrinsic chemiluminescene(CL) can be produced by H_2O_2 and tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone, the major carcinogenic metabolite of the widely used wood preservative pentachlorophenol. Further investigations showed that, in all UOH-generating systems, CL can also be produced not only by pentachlorophenol and all other halogenated phenols, but also by all XAr tested. A systematic structure–activity relationship study for all 19 chlorophenolic congeners showed that the CL increased with an increasing number of Cl-substitution in general. More importantly, a relatively good correlation was observed between the formation of quinoid/semiquinone radical intermediates and CL generation. Based on these results, we propose that UOH-dependent formation of quinoid intermediates and electronically excited carbonyl species is responsible for this unusual CL production; and a rapid, sensitive,simple, and effective CL method was developed not only to detect and quantify trace amount of XAr, but also to provide useful information for predicting the toxicity or monitoring real-time degradation kinetics of XAr. These findings may have broad chemical, environmental and biological implications for future studies on halogenated aromatic persistent organic pollutants.     

Fenton氧化降解2-硝基-4-甲氧基苯胺的特性和动力学特征

为探究Fenton试剂氧化降解2-N（2-硝基-4-甲氧基苯胺）的特性,通过实验室试验系统研究了初始pH、初始c（H₂O₂）、初始c（Fe2+）、初始ρ（2-N）和反应温度等因素对2-N去除率的影响以及动力学特征.结果表明:Fenton试剂氧化降解2-N效果显著,各试验组分别在初始pH为3.0、初始c（H₂O₂）为10 mmol/L、初始c（Fe2+）为1 mmol/L、初始温度为50℃、ρ（2-N）为100 mg/L时2-N的去除率相对最高,其降解过程均符合二级动力学模型;2-N去除率随温度的升高而增大,基于在不同温度下的速率常数,推导出了2-N降解的阿伦纽斯（Arrhenius Equation）经验表达式,得到Fenton氧化2-N的活化能为30.23 kJ/mol.研究显示,经Fenton氧化后,2-N分子断链开环,生成多种小分子酸,最终降解为二氧化碳和水.      

臭氧氧化降解水中三氯乙烯的效能研究

卤代烃是地下水污染中常见的有机污染物,三氯乙烯(Trichloroethylene,TCE)作为一种典型的卤代烃,具有高检出率、易挥发、致癌性等特征,而对地下水中TCE的治理一直是研究的热点.因此,本文以TCE为目标污染物,采用臭氧氧化技术对其进行降解效能分析,重点考察了不同臭氧投加量、初始p H、温度、初始TCE浓度对臭氧氧化降解水中TCE的影响,并对反应产物及可能的臭氧氧化机理进行了推测.结果表明,溶液的初始p H、臭氧投加量、初始TCE浓度均会对TCE的降解效率和降解速率产生一定的影响.在优化的实验条件下(p H=9、臭氧投加量5mg·L~(-1)、TCE初始浓度1 mg·L~(-1)、温度30℃),TCE在2 h的降解率可以达到100%,反应结束后TCE脱氯率为71.1%.动力学实验表明,臭氧氧化TCE的反应符合伪一级动力学.热力学研究表明,臭氧氧化TCE的焓变(ΔH)为15.53 k J·mol~(-1),熵变(ΔS)为-226.5 J·mol~(-1)·K~(-1),活化能E_a为18.05 k J·mol~(-1),表明臭氧氧化TCE的反应易于进行.机理研究表明,臭氧氧化降解TCE主要是由臭氧分解所形成的羟基自由基进行的.     

Do aerosols act as catalysts in the OH radical initiated atmospheric oxidation of volatile organic compounds?

Smog chamber/FTIR techniques were used to study the relative reactivity of OH radicals with methanol, ethanol, phenol, C₂H₄, C₂H₂, and p-xylene in 750 Torr of air diluent at 296±2 K. Experiments were performed with, and without, 500–8000 μg m⁻³ (4000–50 000 μm² cm⁻³ surface area per volume) of NaCl, (NH₄)₂SO₄ or NH₄NO₃ aerosol. In contrast to the recent findings of Oh and Andino (Atmospheric Environment 34 (2000) 2901, 36 (2002) 149; International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 33 (2001) 422) there was no discernable effect of aerosol on the rate of loss of the organic compounds via reaction with OH radicals. Gas kinetic theory arguments cast doubt upon the findings of Oh and Andino. The available data suggest that the answer to the title question is “No”. As part of this work the rate constants for reactions of OH radicals with methanol, ethanol, and phenol in 750 Torr of air at 296 K were determined to be: k_OH+CH3OH=(8.12±0.54)×10⁻¹³, k_OH+C2H5OH=(3.47±0.32)×10⁻¹² and k_OH+phenol=(3.27±0.31)×10⁻¹¹ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹.     

Synthetic endocrine disruptors in the environment and water remediation by advanced oxidation processes

The present study is an overview of the literature on classes and types of compounds described as "endocrine disruptors" and their treatability in water by advanced oxidation processes, which generate hydroxyl radicals in water. The review is limited to details of the destruction of three classes of endocrine disruptors, namely bisphenols, alkylphenols and phthalates, which are among the most highly suspected endocrine disrupting compounds that interfere with the hormonal system of wildlife. It was found that photocatalysis with titanium dioxide was the most frequently tested advanced oxidation method most likely due its potential to render complete mineralization. There is sufficient research also with direct and indirect photolysis and ozonation, which were less effective for the overall mineralization but more representative of the conditions existing in real water treatment plants.     

真菌漆酶介导自由基偶联和接枝反应在绿色化学中的应用

漆酶(p-苯二醇:分子氧氧化还原酶;EC 1.10.3.2)是自然界中普遍存在的一类胞外含铜多酚氧化还原酶.漆酶能够以环境中氧分子作为电子接受体,催化4个底物分子的单电子氧化形成4个相应的反应活性自由基或醌类中间体,随后这些活性中间体在酶促位点外发生步进式偶联反应,生成多种具有复杂结构的大分子C—C、C—O—C或C—N—C共价聚合产物.该反应过程中仅生成唯一副产物水,具有反应温和、底物广谱、催化效率高、操作可控和经济环保等优点.目前,真菌漆酶介导低分子有机物和高分子化合物的自由基偶联和接枝反应已经被应用于生物技术领域,该技术克服了传统物理化学方法存在的弊端,在保护人群健康和生态安全等方面具有广泛地应用前景和商业价值.本文详细地概述了真菌漆酶催化不同底物分子的自由基偶联和接枝反应在环境修复、生物监测、食品加工、纤维改性、纺织染色、制药行业和有机合成等绿色化学中的最新研究进展,旨在为开发和拓展真菌漆酶在绿色化学技术领域中的多功能应用提供科学的理论依据和技术指导.