石灰调质污泥的燃烧特性及动力学分析

采用热重-差示扫描量热同步分析仪,在空气气氛下对石灰调制污泥进行燃烧失重实验.通过分析获得的曲线,可以将调质污泥的热反应过程分为4个阶段:自由水和化学结合水析出阶段;易挥发有机质析出和燃烧阶段;难挥发有机质析出分解和燃烧阶段;无机质的分解阶段.添加石灰后,污泥的着火温度小幅上升,综合燃烧特性指数随添加量增加而减小.采用Coats-Redfern积分法对挥发分析出和燃烧阶段进行了热反应动力学求解,发现添加量小于30％时,石灰可以减少污泥燃烧的活化能,促进污泥挥发分的析出和燃烧.     

碱激发粉煤灰对Cs~+的吸附行为

将粉煤灰进行碱激发改性,运用XRD和SEM技术对碱激发粉煤灰进行了表征,通过静态平衡吸附实验研究了碱激发粉煤灰对Cs+的吸附动力学和热力学特性,并对吸附前后的碱激发粉煤灰进行了FTIR分析。表征结果显示,碱激发处理后,粉煤灰的晶相发生了改变,且粉煤灰表面密实的硬壳层被破坏。实验结果表明:在初始Cs+质量浓度为200 mg/L、吸附温度为25℃、溶液pH为10、碱激发粉煤灰投加量为12.0 g/L的条件下,碱激发粉煤灰对Cs+的平衡吸附率可达80%以上,其吸附能力比碱激发前提高了3倍以上;吸附过程可用准二阶动力学方程来描述,并较好地符合Langmuir等温吸附模型;碱激发粉煤灰对Cs+的吸附是吸热过程,且能自发进行;该过程以物理吸附为主,并伴随化学吸附。     

碱熔融活化固硫灰制备地聚合物

采用碱熔融活化法,由固硫灰制备地聚合物。在前期开展的单因素实验的基础上,采用正交实验,考察了NaOH和固硫灰的质量比、煅烧温度、煅烧时间3个因素对固硫灰基地聚合物的抗压强度的影响。采用XRD,SEM,IR等手段分析固硫灰碱熔融活化前后的物相、微观形貌以及硅铝化学键的变化。实验结果表明,以在NaOH与固硫灰的质量比为0.60、煅烧温度为550 ℃、煅烧时间为60 min的条件下制备的碱熔融固硫灰为原料,制备的固硫灰基地聚合物的抗压强度为38.00 MPa。表征结果显示：通过碱熔融活化固硫灰制备的地聚合物的XRD谱图中出现了地聚合物的特征衍射峰;碱熔融固硫灰的结构松散,在颗粒表面及内部存在大量孔隙;经碱熔融处理后固硫灰的硅酸盐和铝酸盐发生了解聚。     

Sequestration of phorbolesters by the aposematically coloured bug Pachycoris klugii (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae) feeding on Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae)

Summary. The phorbol ester DHPB has been detected in 5th instars and adults of Pachycoris klugii which feed on Jatropha curcas, a producer of phorbol esters with mollusc-, insect-, and vertebrate toxicity. DHPB from Pachycoris activates protein kinase C (PKC) which appears to be the main molecular target for phorbol esters. Phorbol esters of J. curcas exhibit a wide range of acute toxic effects in vertebrates and insects. It is therefore likely that the sequestration of DHPB, which would explain the aposematic colouration of the bugs, confers chemical protection to P. klugii against vertebrate predators. Received 26 April 2000; accepted 31 May 2000     

Catalytic reductive dechlorination of p–chlorophenol in water using Ni/Fe nanoscale particles

Nanoscale bimetallic Ni/Fe particles were synthesized from the reaction of sodium borohydride （NaBH4） with reduction of Ni^2＋ and Fe^2＋ in aqueous solution. The obtained Ni/Fe particles were characterized by TEM （transmission electron microscope）, XRD （X-ray diffractometer）, and N2-BET. The dechlorination activity of the Ni/Fe was investigated using p-chlorophenol （p-CP） as a probe agent. Results demonstrated that the nanoscale Ni/Fe could effectively dechlorinate p-CP at relatively low metal to solution ratio of 0.4 g/L （Ni 5 wt%）. The target with initial concentration ofp-CP 0.625 mmol/L was dechlorinted completely in 60 rain under ambient temperature and pressure. Factors affecting dechlorination efficiency, including reaction temperature, pH, Ni loading percentage over Fe, and metal to solution ratio, were investigated. The possible mechanism of dechlorination ofp-CP was proposed and discussed. The pseudo-first- order reaction took place on the surface of the Ni/Fe bimetallic particles, and the activation energy of the dechlorination reaction was determined to be 21.2 kJ/mol at the temperature rang of 287-313 K.     

Cobalt and manganese stress in the microalga Pavlova viridis （Prymnesiophyceae）： Effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes

Pollution of marine environment has become an issue of major concern in recent years.Serious environmental pollution by heavy metals results from their increasing utilization in industrial processes and because most heavy metals are transported into the marine environment and accumulated without decomposition.The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects on growth,pigments, lipid peroxidation,and some antioxidant enzyme activities of marine microalga Pavlova viridis,in response to elevated concentrations of cobalt(Co)and manganese(Mn),especially with regard to the involvement of antioxidative defences against heavy metal-induced oxidative stress.In response to Co~(2 ),lipid peroxidation was enhanced compared to the control,as an indication of the oxidative damage caused by metal concentration assayed in the microalgal cells but not Mn~(2 ).Exposure of Pavlova viridis to the two metals caused changes in enzyme activities in a different manner,depending on the metal assayed:after Co~(2 )treatments,total superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity was irregular,although it was not significantly affected by Mn~(2 )exposure.Co~(2 )and Mn~(2 )stimulated the activities of catalase(CAT)and glutathione(GSH),whereas,ghitathione peroxidase(GPX)showed a remarkable increase in activity in response to Co~(2 )treatments and decreased gradually with Mn~(2 )concentration,up to 50μmol/L,and then rose very rapidly,reaching to about 38.98% at 200μmol/L Mn~(2 ).These results suggest that an activation of some antioxidant enzymes was enhanced,to counteract the oxidative stress induced by the two metals at higher concentration.     

香榧壳生物炭/g-C3N4活化过硫酸盐的光催化性能

采用简便一步热聚合法制备高催化活性的生物炭/g-C₃N₄复合光催化剂,并在可见光下活化过硫酸盐（PS）应用于对-乙酰氨基酚（AAP）废水的降解研究.通过紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱（UV-vis DRS）、光致发光光谱（PL）对该复合催化剂的光学性质进行了研究.结果表明,生物炭的引入使g-C₃N₄的可见光吸收边界从483nm增强至553nm,并且提高了光致电子-空穴对的分离效率.扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射光谱（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）及X射线光电子能谱（XPS）的表征结果显示生物炭的引入改善了g-C₃N₄的微结构.在反应体系中引入PS强化了AAP的去除效率,在可见光照射下其降解速率是未添加PS的8.9倍,表明该催化体系可有效活化PS产生更多高活性氧化物质.自由基捕获实验表明该催化系统可能存在·O₂^-、h⁺、·OH和·SO₄^-活性物种,复合材料性能的提升主要归因于生物炭作为电子受体,有效抑制了电子-空穴的复合.     

Simulation of three-stage operating temperature for supersaturation water-based condensational growth tube

In order to realize accurate dynamic control of supersaturation and to study condensation growth characteristics of nanoparticles through different levels of super saturation,a series of parametric analyses and systematic comparisons between two-stage and three-stage operating temperature designs were simulated with COMSOL Multiphysics.The simulation results showed that the three-stage operating temperature did not change peak supersaturation compared with two operating temperatures,and the three-stage operating temperature was superior in decreasing the amount of water vapor and the temperature,thus lowering particle loss and variation in detection and collection.The peak supersaturation level increased by 0.3 as the flow rate increased from 0.6 to 2.0 L/min,but the supersaturation peak moved from 0.0027 z0 to 0.08 z0(i.e.,the growth time and the final size decreased by 40%).Peak supersaturation increased as the temperature difference increased or the temperature difference window was shifting left,and minimum activation size decreased.Shifting the 70℃temperature difference window from 9℃,79℃-1℃,71℃for the condenser and initiator temperatures resulted in peak supersaturation in the centerline being above 5.8,and the activation size changed as low as 1 nm.Experiments with flow rates varying by a factor of 2.5(from 0.6 to 1.5 L/min) resulted in a final size decrease of 43%(from 3.2 to 1.8 μm),and experimental results of outlet particle size distributions were equivalent with theoretical analysis as the operating temperature was changed.     

基于多失效模式的弹上舱段结构件贮存寿命验证方法

目的 验证多失效模式下弹上舱段结构件的贮存寿命。方法 通过开展贮存条件下失效模式分析,确定复合材料贮存薄弱环节,依此制定高温摸底试验方案。开展高温极限应力试验,确定不改变复合材料失效机理的高温贮存极限应力,并据此开展加速因子试验,基于阿伦尼兹模型,计算不同失效模式的激活能,并以激活能最小的性能参数作为贮存薄弱环节,计算舱段结构件加速因子,设计舱段结构件加速贮存寿命验证试验,评估其贮存寿命。结果 计算了某防热材料各失效模式下的激活能,确定了其性能参数的薄弱环节,根据薄弱环节的激活能计算了舱段结构件加速因子和加速贮存试验时间,验证了其贮存寿命。结论 通过确定防热材料的贮存薄弱环节,开展了加速贮存试验,验证了舱段贮存寿命。     

T酸废母液蒸氨预处理的动力学研究

为了有效降低经络合萃取处理后的T酸废母液中氨氮和总氮的浓度,为后续生物处理创造条件,对T酸母液进行Fenton氧化和蒸氨预处理,讨论了Fenton氧化、pH值、气液比、温度和反应时间对氨氮和总氮去除效果的影响.结果表明,Fenton氧化降低了T酸废母液的氨氮浓度,有利于氨氮和总氮的去除,去除率增幅明显.蒸氨过程中,氨氮和总氮的去除率随着pH值、温度和气液比的增大而升高,在pH值为11,气液比为3000,温度为95℃的条件下反应120min,氨氮去除率大于99%,总氮去除率大于97%.蒸氨预处理的氨氮去除动力学方程符合一级反应动力学,反应速率常数为k=0.00883min-1.反应的阿伦尼乌斯方程为:ln(k)=-1.97161-1016.5026/RT,R2=0.9959,反应活化能为8451.20J/mol,指前因子为0.139min-1.蒸氨是处理高氨氮T酸废母液有效手段,有工业应用价值.